{"id":10808,"date":"2019-05-14T14:52:21","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T11:52:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/?p=10808"},"modified":"2022-04-04T15:37:50","modified_gmt":"2022-04-04T12:37:50","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/2019\/05\/14\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a”\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064b. \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a[20]<\/a>. 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627[21]<\/a>. \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a  \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\n

[1]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, \u201cWho was \u2018Hitler\u2019 Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930-1945\u201d, Central European History, 2018, 51 (2).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Philip Wen and Olzhas Auyezov, \u201cTracking China\u2019s Muslim Gulag\u201d, Reuters, November 29, 2018; \u201cA Summer Vacation in China\u2019s Muslim Gulag\u201d, Foreign Policy, February 28, 2018.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Mustafa Akyol, \u201cChina\u2019s Gulag for Muslims\u201d, The New York Times, January 2, 2019.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> James Millward, \u201c\u2019Reeducating\u2019 Xinjiang\u2019s Muslims\u201d, The New York Review of Books, February 7, 2019.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Klaus M\u00fchlhahn, \u201cThe Concentration Camp in Global Historical Perspective\u201d, History Compass, 2010, 8 (6); Jonathan Hyslop, \u201cThe Invention of the Concentration Camp: Cuba, Southern Africa, and the Philippines, 1896-1907\u201d, South African Historical Journal, 2011, 63 (2); Iain R. Smith and Adreas Stucki, \u201cThe Colonial Development of Concentration Camps (1868\u20141902),\u201d The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2011, 39 (3); Aidan Forth, \u201cBritain\u2019s Archipelago of Camps: Labor and Detention in a Liberal Empire, 1871-1903\u201d, Kritika, 2015, 16 (3).<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>[6] Amir Weiner, \u201cNature, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia: Delineating the Soviet Socio-Ethnic Body in the Age of Socialism\u201d, The American Historical Review, 1999, 104 (4).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Lynne Viola, The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin\u2019s Special Settlements, (Oxford University Press, 2009).<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Kate Cronin-Furman, \u201cChina Has Chosen Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang \u2013 For Now\u201d, Foreign Policy, September 19, 2018; Rachel Harris, \u201cCultural Genocide in Xinjiang: How China Targets Uyghur Artists, Academics, and Writers\u201d, The Globe Post, January 17, 2019; Austin Ramzy, \u201cChina Targets Prominent Uighur Intellectuals to Erase an Ethnic Identity\u201d, The New York Times, January 5, 2019.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Anjani Triverdi, \u201cChina\u2019s Racing to the Top in Income Inequality\u201d, Bloomberg, September 23, 2018.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Vincent Kolo, \u201cChina\u2019s capitalist counter-revolution\u201d, Socialism Today, 2007\/8, 114.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Akbar Shahid Ahmed, \u201cChina is Using U.S. \u2018War on Terror\u2019 Rhetoric to Justify Detaining 1 Million People\u201d, Huffington Post, February 12, 2018; David Brophy, \u201cConfronting China\u2019s War on Terror\u201d, Revolutionary Socialism in the 21st Century, December 14, 2018.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> David Brophy, \u201cChina\u2019s Uyghur Repression\u201d, Jacobin Magazine, May 31, 2018.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Liu Xin, \u201cXinjiang policies justified\u201d, Global Times, August 13, 2018; Liu Xin, \u201c1.12 million officials paired with local households in Xinjiang\u201d, Global Times, January 4, 2019.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Chauncey Jung, \u201cUyghurs\u2019 Present is the Future for Most Chinese\u201d, The Diplomat, August 18, 2018; Darren Byler and Timothy Grose, \u201cChina\u2019s Surveillance Laboratory\u201d, Dissent Magazine, October 31, 2018.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Karl M\u00fchlhahn; Prasenjit Duara, Sovereignity and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern, (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004); Peter Holquist, \u201cViolent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905-1921\u201d, Kritika, 2003, 4 (3); Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, (Franklin Classics, 2018).<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Steven A. Barnes, Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society (Princeton University Press, 2011).<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Klaus M\u00fchlhahn, Criminal Justice in China: A History, (Harvard University Press, 2009).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Aidan Forth.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Klaus M\u00fchlhahn, Criminal Justice, pp. 141-146.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Kate Brown, Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters, (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 92-96.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Sean R. Roberts, \u201cFear and Loathing in Xinjiang: Ethnic Cleansing in the 21st Century\u201d, Fair Observer, December 17, 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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