{"id":11716,"date":"2019-09-24T13:00:16","date_gmt":"2019-09-24T10:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/?p=11716"},"modified":"2022-11-14T11:03:26","modified_gmt":"2022-11-14T08:03:26","slug":"russia-and-egypt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/2019\/09\/24\/russia-and-egypt\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631:\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 Lukoil \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2017\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630\u062a Rosneft \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0629 30 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ENI \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0650\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (EEU)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646[31]<\/a>. \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a Su-35 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064e \u0625\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u064f\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

[1]<\/a> According to Russia\u2019s Foreign Ministry data, accessed April, 23, 2019, http:\/\/www.mid.ru\/ru\/maps\/eg\/?currentpage=main-country<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Mohamed Heikal, The Sphinx and the Commissar, (New York: Harper & Row, 1978) pp.35-55<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Yuriy Zinin, \u201cIs the Red October Legacy Still Traceable Across the Middle East?\u201d New Eastern Outlook<\/em>, Jan. 31, 2018, https:\/\/journal-neo.org\/2018\/01\/31\/is-the-red-october-legacy-still-traceble-across-the-middle-east\/<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Bogdanov Mikhail, \u201cRussian-Egyptian relations at the turn of the centuries,\u201d Asia I Afrika segodnya<\/em>, no. 12 (2013): 2-3<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Aleksei Podtserob, Rossya i Arabskii Mir<\/em> [Russia and Arab World], (Moscow: MGIMO Universitet 2015), pp.102-104<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u201cThe first Joint Russian-Egyptian Commission on military and technical cooperation was held in Moscow\u201d, Russian Ministry of Defense, March 3 2015, http:\/\/eng.mil.ru\/en\/mpc\/news\/more.htm?id=12009420@egNews<\/a>; \u201cEgypt licensed to assemble Russian T-90S tanks. Capacity \u2013 50 a year\u201d, Debka Weekly, March 11 2018, https:\/\/www.debka.com\/egypt-licensed-to-assemble-russian-t-90s-tanks-capacity-50-a-year\/<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Sergey Lavrov, \u201cFriendship and Cooperation Tested by Time\u201dAl Ahram, <\/em>October, 13, 2018,http:\/\/www.mid.ru\/en\/diverse\/-\/asset_publisher\/zwI2FuDbhJx9\/content\/stat-a-ministra-inostrannyh-del-rossii-s-v-lavrova-rossia-i-egipet-druzba-i-sotrudnicestvo-ispytannye-vremenem-opublikovannaa-v-egipetskoj-gazete-al-a?_101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9_redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fdiverse%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D6<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Russian Federation Marine Doctrine 2015.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Yasmin El Beih, \u201cRussian Tourism in Egypt: What\u2019s Next?\u201d Egypt Today,<\/em>July, 23, 2018, https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/3\/54330\/Russian-Tourism-in-Egypt-What%E2%80%99s-Next<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/ria.ru\/20181018\/1530960714.html<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u201cEgipet otkrivaiut dlya rossiiskih turistov: progress na litso [Egypt is opened for Russian tourists: progress is evident]\u201d, Turprom, April 9 2019, https:\/\/www.tourprom.ru\/news\/41965\/<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Mohamed Emad,\u201cRussian experts continue inspection of Hurghada airport security,\u201dEl-Balad, <\/em>April 16, 2019, https:\/\/en.el-balad.com\/2416757<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Vladimir Isachenkov, \u201cRussia negotiates deal for its warplanes to use Egypt bases,\u201d AP, November, 30, 2017, ihttps:\/\/apnews.com\/bdfae4502ca74c1eacdbf6d32252e8f4?utm_campaign=SocialFlow&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Phil Stewart, Idrees Ali, Lin Noueihed, \u201cRussia appears to deploy forces in Egypt, eyes on Libya role \u2013sources,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, March 13, 2017, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-russia-libya-exclusive\/exclusive-russia-appears-to-deploy-forces-in-egypt-eyes-on-libya-role-sources-idUSKBN16K2RY<\/a>\u201cReuters: Russia Apparently Deploys Forces Near Libyan Border In Egypt,\u201d RFE\/RL<\/em>, March 14, 2017, https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/russia-special-forces-libya-egypt\/28368266.html<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u201cRussia & Egypt refute reports of Russian troop deployment on Libyan border,\u201d RT<\/em>, March, 14, 2017, https:\/\/www.rt.com\/news\/380662-russia-libya-egypt-troops\/<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u201cGaddafi fall cost Russia tens of billions in arms deals\u201d, Reuters, November 2 2011, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/russia-libya-arms\/gaddafi-fall-cost-russia-tens-of-blns-in-arms-deals-idUSL5E7M221H20111102<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> \u201cEgypt, Russia to hold joint military exercises in mid-October,\u201dReuters<\/em>, Oct. 12, 2016, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-egypt-russia-military-idUSKCN12C2E0<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u201cRussia and Egypt Hold First-Ever Joint Naval Drills\u201d, Defense News<\/em>, June 10, 2015, https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/home\/2015\/06\/10\/russia-and-egypt-hold-first-ever-joint-naval-drills\/<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Shaul Shay, \u201cExercise \u201cProtectors of Friendship 2\u201d And the Egyptian-Russian Strategic Relations,\u201d Israel Defense, Sept.26, 2017, <\/em>https:\/\/www.israeldefense.co.il\/en\/node\/31239Shaul Shay, \u201cDefenders of Friendship 2018: Egypt, Russia Conclude Joint Drills,\u201dIsrael Defense<\/em>, Oct. 31, 2018, https:\/\/www.israeldefense.co.il\/en\/node\/36153<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Interview with Lev Dengov, head of the Russian contact group on Libya, July, 2, 2019, https:\/\/news.ru\/afrika\/lev-dengov-rossiya-v-livii-ne-delaet-stavku-na-kakuyu-libo-storonu\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> \u201cForeign Minister Sergey Lavrov\u2019s remarks and answers to media questions at a joint news conference following talks with Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry,\u201d Russian Foreign Ministry, Aug. 21, 2017, April 22, 2019, http:\/\/www.mid.ru\/en\/foreign_policy\/news\/-\/asset_publisher\/cKNonkJE02Bw\/content\/id\/2840676<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Malak Chabkoun<\/a>, \u201cWhat is left of the Syrian opposition?\u201d Aljazeera<\/em>, January 28, 2018, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/indepth\/opinion\/left-syrian-opposition-180127154708397.html<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Russian Federal Custom Service<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> \u201cTorgovlya mezhdu Rossiej I Egiptom v 2018\u201d, Vneshnyaa Torgovlya Rossii, last modified February 9, 2019, http:\/\/russian-trade.com\/reports-and-reviews\/2019-02\/torgovlya-mezhdu-rossiey-i-egiptom-v-2018-g\/<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> \u201cRossijsko-egipetskie ekonomicheskie otnoshenija,\u201d TASS<\/em>, December 11, 2017, https:\/\/tass.ru\/info\/4802472<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> \u201cEgipet narashivaet eksport selskokhozyajstvennoj produktsii v Rossiju [Egypt increases export of agro products to Russia]\u201d, Ria Novosti, August, 8, 2018, https:\/\/ria.ru\/20180805\/1525957209.html<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> \u201cRosneft Closes the Deal to Acquire a 30% Stake in Zohr Gas Field,\u201d Rosneft, last modified October, 9, 2017, https:\/\/www.rosneft.com\/press\/releases\/item\/188045\/<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> \u201cEgypt and Russia sign 50-year industrial zone agreement,\u201d Reuters, <\/em>May 23, 2018, https:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/egyptNews\/idAFL5N1SU5SI<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Hagar Omran, \u201cRussian-Egyptian political rapprochement to propel economic cooperation forward,\u201dDaily News Egypt<\/em>, October 17, 2018,https:\/\/dailynewssegypt.com\/2018\/10\/17\/russian-egyptian-political-rapprochement-to-propel-economic-cooperation-forward\/<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> \u201cRussia-led free-trade zone will soon include 5 more countries,\u201d RT<\/em>, February, 9, 2019, https:\/\/www.rt.com\/business\/451039-russia-free-trade-zone\/<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> Kozhanov, Nikolay, \u201cArms Exports Add to Russia\u2019s Tools of Influence in Middle East,\u201d Chatham House<\/em>, July 20, 2016, https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/expert\/comment\/arms-exports-add-russia-s-tools-influence-middle-east<\/a><\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> \u201cSource: Egypt buys 50 Russian Alligator helicopters, deck-based version may be supplied,\u201d TASS<\/em>, September, 23, 2015, http:\/\/tass.com\/defense\/823140<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Thomas Gibbons-Neff, \u201dEgypt to buy French Mistral landing ships originally intended for Russia,\u201d The Washington Post,<\/em> September, 23, 2015, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/checkpoint\/wp\/2015\/09\/23\/egypt-to-buy-french-mistral-landing-ships-originally-intended-for-russia\/<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Khlebnikov Alexey, \u201cRussia looks to the Middle East to boost arms exports\u201d, Middle East Institute, <\/em>April 8, 2019, https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/russia-looks-middle-east-boost-arms-exports<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> \u201cEgypt\u2019s Dabaa nuclear power plant receives site approval,\u201d Construction Review Online, April, 17, 2019, https:\/\/constructionreviewonline.com\/2019\/04\/egypts-dabaa-nuclear-power-plant-receives-site-approval\/<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Podtserob, op cit., p.103.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Harb, Iman K, \u201cAn Economic Explanation for Egypt\u2019s Alignment in the GCC Crisis.\u201d Arab Center Washington DC, August 9, 2017, http:\/\/arabcenterdc.org\/policy_analyses\/an-economic-explanation-for-egypts-alignment-in-the-gcc-crisis<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> \u201cGulf countries supported Egypt with $92bn since 2011,\u201d Middle East Monitor, March, 19, 2019, https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20190319-gulf-countries-supported-egypt-with-92bn-since-2011\/<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Lesley Wroughton, Patricia Zengerle, \u201cU.S. sanctions China for buying Russian fighter jets, missiles,\u201d Reuters, September, 20, 2018, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-russia-sanctions\/u-s-sanctions-china-for-buying-russian-fighter-jets-missiles-idUSKCN1M02TP<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Jeremy Binnie, London, \u201cEgypt faces sanctions if it buys Su-35s from Russia, US warns,\u201d Jane\u2019s 360, April, 10, 2019, https:\/\/www.janes.com\/article\/87808\/egypt-faces-sanctions-if-it-buys-su-35s-from-russia-us-warns<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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