{"id":38282,"date":"2025-03-19T15:25:32","date_gmt":"2025-03-19T12:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/?p=38282"},"modified":"2025-03-19T15:25:32","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T12:25:32","slug":"%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b2%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/2025\/03\/19\/%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b2%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\" \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a>      <\/i> 19 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2025<\/span><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0640 PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/a>, \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a> \/ \/ \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a>, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 14 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 “\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629” “Fran\u00e7afrique” \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3000 \u0645\u064a\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629[i]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0645\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629.  \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646[ii]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646”[iii]<\/a> . \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644[iv]<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 “\u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f”\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629” \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629[v]<\/a>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022  \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (\u0628\u0639\u062f 62 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 “\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627”[vi]<\/a>. \u0648\u0641\u064a 19  \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f\u062a “\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627[vii]<\/a>. \u0648\u0641\u064a 24 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d[viii]<\/a>.  \u0648\u0641\u064a 28 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c 2024\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0633)\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u201c\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633”.[ix]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a 28 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0641\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627[x]<\/a>. \u0648\u0641\u064a 20 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 31 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\/ \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2025.[xi]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1659.<\/p>\n

1- \u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 2 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2023: “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629”.[xii]<\/a>  \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629…\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627… \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627”[xiii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2012 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647: “\u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0649…\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646”[xiv]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f “\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627”. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a 18 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2008. \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a[xv]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a 20 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648  1990\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 37 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627: “\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647”[xvi]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 13 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2007 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2001 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644: ” \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627…\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645… \u0648\u0646\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629… \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u062e\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629… \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627”.[xvii]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2007 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 48 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: “\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627…\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0645\u0636 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629”[xviii]<\/a>…  \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643:  “\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u064a \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628”[xix]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 28 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627”[xx]<\/a> \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 “\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644”. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646: “\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629”. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 “\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0648\u0646”\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a Ariane Anemoyannis \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641… \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627[xxi]<\/a>.  \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.  \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 1756- 1773[xxii]<\/a>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 1789 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (1799-1815). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

* \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 Mascareignes \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0644 – \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0628) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1763 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627).<\/p>\n

* \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1919 – 1939. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

* \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631[xxiii]<\/a>: \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 119.394 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f 1% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646.  \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629 (EEZ) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a 10,186,526 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

3- \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 “Fran\u00e7afrique”\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627[xxiv]<\/a>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629[xxv]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627-\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a[xxvi]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a Jean Piot \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 L’Aurore \u0641\u064a 6 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1945 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629” \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645  \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a 15 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1945 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0640 “Fran\u00e7afrique”. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a” [xxvii]<\/a> \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 l’\u00c9v\u00e9nement   20 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1954\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627-\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627” \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.  \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 Elf Aquitaine \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a[xxviii]<\/a>. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649[xxix]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Billets d’Afrique et d’ailleurs \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 Survie \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1998 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0632\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0641  Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Verschave\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647: “\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629”[xxx]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627-\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647 “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644”\u060c \u0648”\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064b\u0627”[xxxi]<\/a>\u060c \u0648”\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629” “\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631”[xxxii]<\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0640 PDF<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 14 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 “\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629” “Fran\u00e7afrique” \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3000 \u0645\u064a\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":319,"featured_media":38283,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[85,80],"tags":[],"asf_pub_issue":[10316,18973],"asf_pub_region":[18971,10324],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38282"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/319"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38282"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38296,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38282\/revisions\/38296"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38283"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38282"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_issue?post=38282"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_region?post=38282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}