{"id":10805,"date":"2019-05-14T13:51:37","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T10:51:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/?p=10805"},"modified":"2020-08-17T13:20:03","modified_gmt":"2020-08-17T10:20:03","slug":"gulag-cindeki-toplama-kamplari-ile-mukayese-edilebilecek-dogru-bir-tarihi-ornek-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/2019\/05\/14\/gulag-cindeki-toplama-kamplari-ile-mukayese-edilebilecek-dogru-bir-tarihi-ornek-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gulag, \u00c7in\u2019deki Toplama Kamplar\u0131 ile Mukayese Edilebilecek Do\u011fru Bir Tarihi \u00d6rnek mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar mevcut geli\u015fmeleri kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla tarihi mukayeselere ba\u015fvurmaktad\u0131rlar. Her ne kadar bu y\u00f6ntem genelde indirgemeci ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olsa da bazen tarihi bir mukayese, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir fenomeni anlaman\u0131n tek yoludur.[1]<\/a> \u00c7in\u2019in Sincan\u2019daki toplama kamp\u0131 sistemi de 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f \u015fok edici bir fenomen olup, neredeyse herkes olup biteni anlamland\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in tarihi mukayeselere y\u00f6nelmektedir. Bu zamana kadar Gulag en pop\u00fcler tarihi mukayese olmu\u015ftur ve Sincan\u2019daki toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Gulag\u2019\u0131\u201d olarak nitelendirmek yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[2]<\/a> Gulag k\u0131yaslamas\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla, ne Sovyet tarihi ne de Sincan\u2019\u0131n kendisine ili\u015fkin uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan baz\u0131 ate\u015fli kom\u00fcnist grup kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131nca kullan\u0131lsa da[3]<\/a> alan\u0131nda uzman ki\u015filerin de \u00c7in\u2019in toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131 nitelemek i\u00e7in bu mukayeseye ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[4]<\/a> \u00d6te yandan, bizler ise Gulag mukayesesinin Sincan\u2019daki toplama kamplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekteyiz. A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki uzmanlar\u0131n Gulag mukayesesine ba\u015fvurmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, Gulag\u2019\u0131n toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok bilinen \u00f6rne\u011fi olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu k\u0131yas yaln\u0131zca yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olmakla kalmay\u0131p, Sincan\u2019daki kamplara y\u00f6nelik bilgi \u00fcretimine zarar da vermektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak, Gulag kamplar\u0131n\u0131n bir ceza hukuku sisteminin par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda olmam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Bu da Gulaglardaki tutuklular\u0131n \u2013ne denli adaletsiz ve zalimce olursa olsun\u2013 yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve buralarda belirli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in mahk\u00fbm edildi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, Gulagdakiler Sovyet hukukuna g\u00f6re su\u00e7lulard\u0131. Bu durumun aksine, \u00c7in\u2019in toplama kamplar\u0131ndaki tutuklular \u00c7in hukukuna g\u00f6re bile herhangi bir su\u00e7tan mahk\u00fbm olmu\u015f de\u011filler. Kamplarda sadece \u00f6nlem olarak tutulmakta, zira potansiyel olarak tehlikeli g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedirler. Bu bak\u0131mdan, do\u011fru tarihi mukayese Gulag de\u011fil, Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Afrika ve Asya\u2019daki toplama kamplar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu toplama kamplar\u0131; \u0131rksal ve politik olarak \u201ctehlikeli\u201d gruplar\u0131n ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk \u00fcst\u00fc toplu g\u00f6zalt\u0131 merkezleri olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Ama\u00e7 su\u00e7lular\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak de\u011fil, hen\u00fcz herhangi bir su\u00e7tan mahk\u00fbm olmam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6zalt\u0131nda tutmakt\u0131r.[5]<\/a> Sincan\u2019da su\u00e7 i\u015flemekten mahk\u00fbmiyete \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lanlar toplama kamplar\u0131na de\u011fil, hapishanelere yollanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Gulaglar hi\u00e7bir zaman belli etnik gruplar\u0131 hedef almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada di\u011fer etnik gruplara k\u0131yasla Almanlar\u0131n, Lehlerin ve Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131n daha fazla tutuldu\u011fu do\u011frudur ancak Gulag kamplar\u0131ndaki \u00e7o\u011funluk her zaman etnik olarak Rus k\u00f6kenli insanlardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sadakat ve makbul vatanda\u015fl\u0131k konusunda etnisitenin belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir[6]<\/a> ve Gulag sistemi de sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmi\u015f olan belli etnik gruplara \u00f6zel yerle\u015fimlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a> Ancak etnik esasa dayal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme pratiklerine ra\u011fmen Gulag kamplar\u0131, t\u00fcm uyruklardan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in bir ceza kurumu olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmeye devam etmi\u015ftir. Bunun aksine, \u00c7in\u2019in Sincan\u2019daki toplama kamplar\u0131 do\u011frudan etnik gruplar\u0131 hedef almaktad\u0131r ve \u00c7in rejiminin hedefi en az\u0131ndan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektir.[8]<\/a> Gulag kamplar\u0131, en az\u0131ndan teorik olarak s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi bir uygulamayd\u0131 ve sosyalizm \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde me\u015fru addediliyordu. Bug\u00fcn Sincan\u2019da ise bir s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131 yoktur. Keza \u00c7in\u2019in b\u00f6lgede izledi\u011fi politikalara dair sosyalizmle alakal\u0131 bir \u015fey de yoktur. Milyonlarca Han \u00c7inlisi her y\u0131l serbest\u00e7e yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir. Ancak yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidip yabanc\u0131larla ileti\u015fim kurmak; Uygurlar\u0131n, Kazaklar\u0131n ve di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in en yayg\u0131n \u201csebep\u201dtir. \u00c7in\u2019in toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131n sosyalist \u00e7er\u00e7evede bir me\u015fruiyeti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu kamplar p\u00fcr, vah\u015fi ve \u015fovenist bir kolonicili\u011fin arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in, alarm verici seviyede gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finin oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr[9]<\/a> ve hatta \u00c7in\u2019in sistemi sosyalist \u00e7evrelerce \u201ckapitalist kar\u015f\u0131 devrim\u201d ve \u201cradikal neo-liberalizm\u201d olarak nitelenmektedir.[10]<\/a> Bu sebepledir ki Gulag mukayesesi yaln\u0131zca yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olmakla kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu kamplar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 yerlerindeki sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde me\u015frula\u015fmas\u0131 tehlikesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Sincan\u2019daki toplama kamplar\u0131na dair tarihteki en iyi emsalin sosyalizmin tarihinde de\u011fil, en vah\u015fi (hatta yar\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131) s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci politikalarda bulunabilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymak zorunday\u0131z. Ayr\u0131ca, \u015fovenist politikalar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00c7in de Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bilimsel \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve medenile\u015ftirme misyonuna dair ortak s\u00f6ylemine benzer bir \u015fekilde ter\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcresel m\u00fccadele s\u00f6ylemini ve \u0130slamofobi\u2019yi kullanmaktad\u0131r.[11]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7in hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131dan liberal kapitalist d\u00fczene bir alternatif \u00f6nermemektedir.[12]<\/a> Tam tersine, liberal kapitalist d\u00fcnyadaki bir\u00e7ok s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci grupla ayn\u0131 ideolojiyi payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Sadece \u00c7in\u2019in resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 esas al\u0131rsak dahi kullan\u0131lan s\u00f6yleme y\u00f6nelik k\u0131sa bir bak\u0131\u015f \u00c7in\u2019in s\u00f6yleminin 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki beyaz adam\u0131n g\u00f6revi s\u00f6ylemine ne denli benzedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.[13]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca, akademisyenler Sincan\u2019\u0131n bir g\u00f6zetleme laboratuvar\u0131 olarak sadece \u00c7in a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir.[14]<\/a> \u00c7e\u015fitli tarih\u00e7iler ve politika teorisyenleri, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7ler i\u00e7in nas\u0131l laboratuvar i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu kolonyal teknolojilerin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya nas\u0131l yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemle vurgulamaktad\u0131r.[15]<\/a> Sincan\u2019\u0131n totaliter uygulamalar i\u00e7in bir laboratuvar i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor olu\u015fu, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lerce kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imiyle benzer bir durumdur.<\/p>\n

Gulaglar ve Sincan\u2019daki toplama kamplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr benzerlik muhtemelen yeniden e\u011fitim ve rehabilitasyon fikridir.[16]<\/a> Bu bak\u0131mdan, Kom\u00fcnist d\u00f6nem ve bug\u00fcn aras\u0131nda net bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z konusudur.[17]<\/a> Ancak, rehabilitasyon ve yeniden e\u011fitimin sosyalizme \u00f6zg\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamam\u0131z gerekmektedir. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz kamplar\u0131 sadece Boer\u2019lerin g\u00f6zalt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 karantinaya almay\u0131 hedeflememi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131 rehabilite etme ve yeniden e\u011fitme hedefini de ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki Britanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na sadakat ve sevgi duymak bu kamplar\u0131n ethosuydu.[18]<\/a> Fikirlerin rehabilitasyonu, \u00f6z ele\u015ftiri ve \u00f6z k\u0131nama, disiplin, homojenlik ve mutlak sadakat Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in\u2019in 1938 ve 1949 aras\u0131ndaki toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131n da bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019in Sincan\u2019daki kamplar\u0131na dair en \u00f6nemli hususlardan biri, g\u00f6zalt\u0131ndakileri kontrol etmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek teknolojinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Gulag kamplar\u0131nda teknolojik olarak bu tip uygulamalar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bunun bir \u00f6ncelik oldu\u011funun \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Gulag mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n\u0131n zapt\u0131 zor mahk\u00fbmlar oldu\u011funu ve bir\u00e7ok yerde otoritelerin kamplar \u00fczerinde sadece k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcnde kontrol sahibi oldu\u011funu bilmekteyiz. Zira d\u00fczensizlik ve etkisizlik, Gulag kamplar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleriydi.[20]<\/a> Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, direni\u015f m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc ve hatta Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki kamplarda yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Ancak bunun aksine, Sincan\u2019daki kamplarda herhangi bir direni\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6rmedik ve gelecekte bu kamplar \u00fczerindeki topyek\u00fbn teknolojik kontrol imaj\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 baz\u0131 deliller \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclebilirse de Sincan\u2019daki kamplarda tutulan ve zay\u0131f durumda olanlar\u0131n ne t\u00fcr \u201csilahlara\u201d ba\u015fvurabilecekleri h\u00e2l\u00e2 belirsizdir. Daha ziyade, bu kamplar hakk\u0131nda bildiklerimiz, sadece kampta tutulanlar\u0131n de\u011fil, kamp d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki insanlar\u0131n dahi emsali g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir dijital polis devleti eliyle pasifize edildi\u011fi p\u00fcr totaliter bir distopyaya daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r.[21]<\/a> Bu bak\u0131mdan, \u00c7in\u2019in toplama kamplar\u0131 ne Gulaglara ne de di\u011fer tarihi \u00f6rneklere benzemektedir.<\/p>\n

Not: Yazar, Tyler Kirk\u2019e toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel tarihine ili\u015fkin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumlardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc m\u00fcte\u015fekkirdir.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, \u201cWho was \u2018Hitler\u2019 Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930-1945\u201d, Central European History, <\/em>2018, 51 (2).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Philip Wen and Olzhas Auyezov, \u201cTracking China\u2019s Muslim Gulag\u201d, Reuters, <\/em>29 Kas\u0131m 2018; \u201cA Summer Vacation in China\u2019s Muslim Gulag\u201d, Foreign Policy, <\/em>28 \u015eubat 2018.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Mustafa Akyol, \u201cChina\u2019s Gulag for Muslims\u201d, The New York Times, <\/em>2 Ocak 2019.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> James Millward, \u201c\u2019Reeducating\u2019 Xinjiang\u2019s Muslims\u201d, The New York Review of Books, <\/em>7 \u015eubat 2019.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Klaus M\u00fchlhahn, \u201cThe Concentration Camp in Global Historical Perspective\u201d, History Compass, <\/em>2010, 8 (6); Jonathan Hyslop, \u201cThe Invention of the Concentration Camp: Cuba, Southern Africa, and the Philippines, 1896-1907\u201d, South African Historical Journal, <\/em>2011, 63 (2); Iain R. Smith ve Adreas Stucki, \u201cThe Colonial Development of Concentration Camps (1868\u20141902),\u201d The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History<\/em>, 2011, 39 (3); Aidan Forth, \u201cBritain\u2019s Archipelago of Camps: Labor and Detention in a Liberal Empire, 1871-1903\u201d, Kritika, <\/em>2015, 16 (3).<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Amir Weiner, \u201cNature, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia: Delineating the Soviet Socio-Ethnic Body in the Age of Socialism\u201d, The American Historical Review, <\/em>1999, 104 (4).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Lynne Viola, The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin\u2019s Special Settlements, <\/em>(Oxford University Press, 2009).<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Kate Cronin-Furman, \u201cChina Has Chosen Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang \u2013 For Now\u201d, Foreign Policy, <\/em>19 Eyl\u00fcl 2018; Rachel Harris, \u201cCultural Genocide in Xinjiang: How China Targets Uyghur Artists, Academics, and Writers\u201d, The Globe Post, <\/em>17 Ocak 2019; Austin Ramzy, \u201cChina Targets Prominent Uighur Intellectuals to Erase an Ethnic Identity\u201d, The New York Times, <\/em>5 Ocak 2019.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Anjani Triverdi, \u201cChina\u2019s Racing to the Top in Income Inequality\u201d, Bloomberg, <\/em>23 Eyl\u00fcl 2018.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Vincent Kolo, \u201cChina\u2019s capitalist counter-revolution\u201d, Socialism Today, <\/em>2007\/8, 114.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Akbar Shahid Ahmed, \u201cChina is Using U.S. \u2018War on Terror\u2019 Rhetoric to Justify Detaining 1 Million People\u201d, Huffington Post, <\/em>12 \u015eubat 2018; David Brophy, \u201cConfronting China\u2019s War on Terror\u201d, Revolutionary Socialism in the 21st Century, <\/em>14 Aral\u0131k 2018.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> David Brophy, \u201cChina\u2019s Uyghur Repression\u201d, Jacobin Magazine, <\/em>31 May\u0131s 2018.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Liu Xin, \u201cXinjiang policies justified\u201d, Global Times, <\/em>13 A\u011fustos 2018; Liu Xin, \u201c1.12 million officials paired with local households in Xinjiang\u201d, Global Times, <\/em>4 Ocak 2019.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Chauncey Jung, \u201cUyghurs\u2019 Present is the Future for Most Chinese\u201d, The Diplomat, <\/em>18 A\u011fustos 2018; Darren Byler ve Timothy Grose, \u201cChina\u2019s Surveillance Laboratory\u201d, Dissent Magazine, <\/em>31 Ekim 2018.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Karl M\u00fchlhahn; Prasenjit Duara, Sovereignity and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern, <\/em>(Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004); Peter Holquist, \u201cViolent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905-1921\u201d, Kritika, <\/em>2003, 4 (3); Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, <\/em>(Franklin Classics, 2018).<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Steven A. Barnes, Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society <\/em>(Princeton University Press, 2011).<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Klaus M\u00fchlhahn, Criminal Justice in China: A History, <\/em>(Harvard University Press, 2009).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Aidan Forth.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Klaus M\u00fchlhahn, Criminal Justice,<\/em> s. 141-146.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Kate Brown, Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters, <\/em>(Oxford University Press, 2013), s. 92-96.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Sean R. Roberts, \u201cFear and Loathing in Xinjiang: Ethnic Cleansing in the 21st Century\u201d, Fair Observer, <\/em>17 Aral\u0131k 2018.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar mevcut geli\u015fmeleri kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla tarihi mukayeselere ba\u015fvurmaktad\u0131rlar. Her ne kadar bu y\u00f6ntem genelde indirgemeci ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olsa da bazen tarihi bir mukayese, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir fenomeni anlaman\u0131n tek yoludur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":156,"featured_media":10801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[376],"tags":[9815],"asf_pub_issue":[],"asf_pub_region":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10805"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/156"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10805"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10805\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23879,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10805\/revisions\/23879"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10805"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_issue?post=10805"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_region?post=10805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}