{"id":32256,"date":"2022-04-08T14:22:36","date_gmt":"2022-04-08T11:22:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/?p=32256"},"modified":"2022-11-21T14:10:15","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T11:10:15","slug":"suriyeli-gocu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/2022\/04\/08\/suriyeli-gocu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00dcRK PART\u0130 S\u0130YASET\u0130NDE SUR\u0130YEL\u0130 G\u00d6\u00c7\u00dc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\" Firat Kimya<\/a>      <\/i> 08 Nisan 2022<\/span><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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PDF \u0130ndir<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Rapor<\/a> \/ Suriye<\/a> \/ <\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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(Bu metin \u0130ngilizce orijinal versiyonundan terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir.)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK PART\u0130 S\u0130YASET\u0130NDE SUR\u0130YEL\u0130 G\u00d6\u00c7\u00dc<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\"\u00d6zet: <\/strong><\/span>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc 2011\u2019de gelen ilk s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 dalgas\u0131ndan beri tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konu olmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6\u00e7 konusu ba\u015flarda parti siyasetinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalsa da Suriyelilerin artan say\u0131s\u0131 ve uzayan misafirlikleri nedeniyle son on y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda politik tart\u0131\u015fmalarda daha merkezi bir yer i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bilhassa g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131lar\u0131, artan ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ve T\u00fcrk siyasetinde g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 partilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 konuyu parti siyasetinin kutupla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir unsuruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck be\u015f siyasi partinin Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menler konusundaki duru\u015funu inceleyen bu makale, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki parti siyasetinin yeni bir boyutu haline geldi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Hem k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck partileri (Saadet ve Demokrat Parti) hem de yeni kurulmu\u015f, bir se\u00e7imde yar\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ve bu y\u00fczden de tam kapsaml\u0131 se\u00e7im manifestolar\u0131 bulunmayan Gelecek, DEVA, Memleket ve Zafer partilerini ise incelemenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Genel itibariyle AKP ve HDP g\u00f6\u00e7men yanl\u0131s\u0131 politikalar benimserken MHP\u2019nin ba\u015flardaki g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politika vurgusu AKP<\/a> ile kurdu\u011fu se\u00e7im ittifak\u0131ndan sonra yok oldu. \u00d6te yandan CHP ise 2023 Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imleri yakla\u015f\u0131rken yak\u0131n zamanda daha g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir pozisyon almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Son olarak, \u0130Y\u0130 Parti Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131yla belirli paralellikler g\u00f6steren en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fa sahip g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Gelecek ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u0130Y\u0130 Parti\u2019yle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlere kar\u015f\u0131 daha da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir pozisyonu olan Zafer Partisi\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini incelemesi \u00f6zellikle faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

600.000\u2019den fazla \u00f6l\u00fcme sebep olup 12 milyon insan\u0131 yerinden eden ve 14.300\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n i\u015fkenceye maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimdiye kadarki insani maliyeti insan\u0131n havsalas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131yor.[i]<\/a> Yine de bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ufukta g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Suriye ile en uzun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve derin toplumsal ve tarihsel ba\u011flar\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye daha protestolar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya m\u00fcdahil oldu. AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Suriye\u2019yi \u2018kom\u015fularla s\u0131f\u0131r sorun\u2019 politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u201cba\u015f tac\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden parti elitleri Esad rejimini demokratik reformlar yapmaya ikna edebileceklerinden emindi.[ii]<\/a> Fakat AKP bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n beyhude oldu\u011funu h\u0131zla fark ederek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Suriye\u2019deki anaak\u0131m muhalefete deste\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan ka\u00e7anlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcterek dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Esad kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu \u00fclkeyi milyonlarca Suriyeli i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli bir b\u00f6lge haline getirdi. T\u00fcrkiye, 29 Nisan 2011\u2019de 58.000 Suriyelinin gelmesiyle ilk s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 dalgas\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu say\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede, 2014 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru 1,5 milyonu, 2015 sonunda 2,5 ve milyon 2017 ba\u015flar\u0131nda ise 3 milyonu a\u015ft\u0131.[iii]<\/a> Aral\u0131k 2021 rakamlar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cGe\u00e7ici Koruma\u201d stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle ya\u015fayan 3.737.369 Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 bulunuyor.[iv]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye 1951 Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda sadece Avrupa \u00fclkelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fc tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Suriyelilerin hukuki konumu mu\u011flak ve temel hak ve hizmetlere eri\u015fimleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 daha da savunmas\u0131z durumdalar.<\/p>\n

Hukuken tan\u0131ml\u0131 bir stat\u00fcleri olmayan Suriyeliler siyasal kutupla\u015fman\u0131n nesnesi haline geldi. Dahas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kendi i\u00e7 siyasi ve ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgesel krizler varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 daha da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. 2013 Gezi Park\u0131 protestolar\u0131, 15 Temmuz 2016 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z darbe giri\u015fimi ve kutupla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 2018 (genel) ve 2019 (yerel) se\u00e7imleri T\u00fcrk siyasetindeki yar\u0131klar\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye Suriye\u2019de s\u00fcregelen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 olarak ilgili ciddi kay\u0131plar ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n

2012\u2019de bir T\u00fcrk ke\u015fif u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n Reyhanl\u0131 ve Cilveg\u00f6z\u00fc kentlerini hedef ald\u0131[v]<\/a> ve Irak-\u015eam \u0130slam Devleti (I\u015e\u0130D) ile PKK\u2019nin Suriye<\/a> uzant\u0131s\u0131 PYD\u2019nin askeri kanad\u0131 YPG\u2019nin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00fclkenin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 daha da sarst\u0131. \u00dcstelik 2015\u2019te Suriye\u2019de bir Rus jetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Rusya ile artan gerilimler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi bir askeri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine getirdi ve Rus ambargosunun sonucu olarak ciddi ekonomik kay\u0131plar ya\u015famas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. K\u0131sacas\u0131, 2010\u2019lar\u0131n siyasi \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131 Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menler konusunu bir ulusal g\u00fcvenlik sorunu haline getirip parti siyasetini kutupla\u015ft\u0131rarak Suriyelileri giderek artan yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha da savunmas\u0131z b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma TBMM\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck be\u015f siyasi partinin (AKP, CHP, HDP, \u0130Y\u0130 Parti ve MHP) Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik duru\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131yor. Makale genel anlamda AKP ve HDP\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7men yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumlar benimsedi\u011fini savunuyor. AKP Suriyelilerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dini dayan\u0131\u015fma ba\u011flam\u0131nda temellendirirken HDP evrensel insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine at\u0131fta bulunuyor. Ayr\u0131ca MHP AKP ile kurdu\u011fu resmi se\u00e7im ittifak\u0131ndan bu yana s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrken CHP Suriyelileri ekonomik bir y\u00fck olarak resmeden daha g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir duru\u015f benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Son olarak makale, \u0130Y\u0130 Parti\u2019nin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc vurguyla Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131yla belirli benzerlikler g\u00f6steren g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir pozisyon ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor.<\/p>\n

Sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcrk toplumunda Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik genel alg\u0131 ve Suriyelilerin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn genel hatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin T\u00fcrk toplum ve siyasetinde nas\u0131l ve neden kutupla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir konu haline geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. \u0130zleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcm ise partilerin pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyip g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki parti siyasetinde yeni bir konu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Sondan bir \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcm ise Avrupa\u2019daki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin benimsedi\u011fi politikalara odaklanarak g\u00f6\u00e7 siyasetinin mukayeseli bir analizini sunuyor. Son b\u00f6l\u00fcm ise sonu\u00e7 tespitlerini ele al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

2-Yabanc\u0131 D\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Ekonomik S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc Aras\u0131nda Suriyeli G\u00f6\u00e7menler<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

Resmi istatistikler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k 2021 itibariyle 3.737.369 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin farkl\u0131 kentlerine da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken sadece 51.159\u2019u ge\u00e7ici s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma merkezlerinde ya\u015f\u0131yor (Bkz. \u015eekil 1).6 Suriyeliler kent hayat\u0131nda daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale geldik\u00e7e daha fazla g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygulara ve ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye maruz kald\u0131lar. \u015eekil 1, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla ya en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde (\u0130stanbul, Ankara ve \u0130zmir) ya da G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da (Gaziantep, Hatay, \u015eanl\u0131urfa ve Kilis) yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya genelindeki bir\u00e7ok s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 grubu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menler de kal\u0131p yarg\u0131lara ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 genellemelere maruz kal\u0131yor. Medya belirli kal\u0131p yarg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi ve T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik olumsuz alg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyor.7 Genel itibariyle h\u00fck\u00fcmet yanl\u0131s\u0131 medya organlar\u0131 Suriyelileri \u201cyard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 karde\u015flerimiz\u201d olarak resmedip dini dayan\u0131\u015fma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak onlara y\u00f6nelik olumlu bir yakla\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan muhalif medya ise \u201cSuriyelileri besliyoruz,\u201d sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7an korkak Suriyeliler,\u201d \u201chainler,\u201d \u201ctembel Araplar\u201d ve \u201cradikal \u0130slamc\u0131lar\u201d8 gibi olumsuz tasvirleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca sosyal medya platformlar\u0131 da etnik merkezli bir vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ve milliyet\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.9 Daha \u00f6zelde sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, Suriyelilerin devletten maa\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fcniversiteye giri\u015f s\u0131navlar\u0131ndan muaf oldu\u011fu ve kenar mahallelerde \u00e7etele\u015fip su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri kurdu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00f6ylentileri yayarak dezenformasyon yap\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Genel anlamda medya, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ekonomik kaynaklar (i\u015f, sosyal hizmetler ve fonlar11), g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki kayg\u0131lar\u0131 daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftiriyor ve b\u00f6ylece s\u0131radan vatanda\u015flarla s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda engeller kurup muhtemel k\u00fclt\u00fcrel diyalog ve de\u011fi\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131k\u0131yor. T\u00fcrk medyas\u0131 konuyu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 politikle\u015ftirerek s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131da bulundu ve bu da lin\u00e7 ve \u015fiddet sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bunun yak\u0131n tarihli bir \u00f6rne\u011fi 11-12 A\u011fustos 2021\u2019de Ankara\u2019n\u0131n Alt\u0131nda\u011f il\u00e7esinde Suriyeli birey ve i\u015f yerlerini hedef alan \u015fiddet ve ya\u011fma sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131.12 Suriyelilere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet \u0130zmir\u2019de ate\u015fe verilen \u00fc\u00e7 Suriyeli i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Bunun sonucunda T\u00fcrk toplumunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimi Suriyelilere belirli bir mesafede olmay\u0131 tercih ediyor. 2021 tarihli anket sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk se\u00e7menlerin %67\u2019sinin h\u00fck\u00fcmetin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara kapatmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyor; %60\u2019\u0131 Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z; %52\u2019si bu s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015flemeye meyilli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor; %43\u2019\u00fc Suriyelilerin i\u015fsizli\u011fi artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor ve %37\u2019si de T\u00fcrk ulusal kimli\u011fini olumsuz etkilediklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.14 Sonraki sene yap\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir anket ise T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n genel olarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara siyasi haklar tan\u0131nmas\u0131 fikrine kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu (%87) ve s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmelerini istiyor (%73). <\/span>Son olarak T\u00fcrk toplumunun %70\u2019ten fazlas\u0131 AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n\u0131 onaylam\u0131yor ve %27,2\u2019si Suriyelileri \u00fclkedeki en \u00f6nemli sorun olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.16 Bu olumsuz Suriyeli alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n parti kimli\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak benimseniyor olu\u015fu ise kayg\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131. \u00d6zetle bu sonu\u00e7lar T\u00fcrk toplumunun \u00e7o\u011funlukla Suriyeliler hakk\u0131nda olumsuz alg\u0131lar benimseme e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Suriyelilere y\u00f6nelik olumsuz alg\u0131 genel olarak ekonomik kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n, kent alan\u0131n\u0131n veya ulusal dirli\u011fin kayb\u0131 gibi \u201ckay\u0131p\u201d hisleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u015fekilleniyor.17 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler yeni \u201cucuz\u201d i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015finden tehdit hissederken halk\u0131n geneli kamu hizmetlerinin aksamas\u0131, artan su\u00e7 eylemleri ve T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi ile kent ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n Arapla\u015fmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kayg\u0131lar ifade ediyor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygular\u0131 ise \u00f6zellikle s\u0131n\u0131r kentlerinde artan kira maliyetleri ve gayr\u0131 resm\u00ee sekt\u00f6rde istihdam kayb\u0131yla k\u00f6r\u00fckleniyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Suriyelilerin su\u00e7lu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp ekonomik olarak \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ek olarak i\u00e7 siyasi gerilimler de olumsuz alg\u0131lar\u0131 besliyor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetine muhalif olanlar s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda da olumsuz bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f benimseme e\u011filiminde.20 Fakat medya, siyasi elitler ve kamuoyunun b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fi ger\u00e7ek Suriyelilere yap\u0131lan mali yard\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n AB ve di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131larca fonland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Suriyelilerin T\u00fcrk devletine mali anlamda tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011fu alg\u0131s\u0131 muhalif ve iktidar elitlerinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f bir anlat\u0131 oldu\u011fu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Yine de giri\u015fimciler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de emek maliyetlerini ciddi anlamda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren ucuz Suriyeli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalanmaya devam ediyor.21 Suriyeliler genel olarak fazla mesai yapt\u0131klar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ald\u0131klar\u0131, maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczensiz \u00f6dendi\u011fi veya hatta hi\u00e7 \u00f6denmedi\u011fi ve hi\u00e7bir sosyal g\u00fcvenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gayr\u0131 resm\u00ee sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlan\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n

AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc engellemek amac\u0131yla 2016\u2019da bir i\u015f kanunu \u00e7\u0131kararak Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kapsam\u0131na girme ve \u00f6zel sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131ndan yararlanabilme gibi belirli haklar tan\u0131yacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma iznine ba\u015fvurma imkan\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.23 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015f\u0131ndaki yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon Suriyeli kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etse de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma izni say\u0131s\u0131 son y\u0131llarda ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131. 2011-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 140.301 Suriyeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma izni al\u0131rken bu izinlerin 31.185\u2019i tek ba\u015f\u0131na 2019\u2019da verilmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik genel bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k var. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 genellemeler nedeniyle T\u00fcrk toplumu Suriyeliler hakk\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla olumsuz bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip ve AKP\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131. Medyan\u0131n Suriyelileri d\u00fc\u015fmanca resmetmesi g\u00f6\u00e7 konusundaki toplumsal kutupla\u015fmay\u0131 besliyor ve Suriyelileri artan yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korunmas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca Suriyeliler ge\u00e7ici \u201cmisafir\u201d stat\u00fcleri nedeniyle belirli temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden yoksun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda savunmas\u0131zlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

3-T\u00fcrk Siyasetinin Yeni Bir Boyutu Olarak G\u00f6\u00e7 <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\"G\u00f6\u00e7 ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi hareketlilik Bat\u0131\u2019da So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u0131n bitmesinden sonra Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelere artan g\u00f6\u00e7men ak\u0131n\u0131yla birlikte i\u00e7 siyaset ve ulusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fin odak konusu haline geldi.25 Yabanc\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i ve g\u00f6\u00e7menler, \u00f6zellikle 1960\u2019larda misafir i\u015f\u00e7ilerin gelmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla, Avrupal\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu siyasi parti i\u00e7in tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 konular olageldi. Daha \u00f6zelde son on y\u0131lda g\u00f6\u00e7, g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler savunan ve g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc Avrupa siyasetinin daha \u00f6nemli bir konusu haline getiren a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler taraf\u0131ndan daha da siyasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <\/span>G\u00f6\u00e7 konusu Ortado\u011fulu ve Afgan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n gelmesiyle beraber yeni bir d\u00f6nemece girdi. \u0130statistiksel analizler artan m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131yla Almanya,27 Danimarka,28 Avusturya29 ve Yunanistan\u2019da30 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin oy oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015finin ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bu partiler, Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menler konusunu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 siyasalla\u015ft\u0131rarak oy oranlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselip anaak\u0131m partileri de \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u00fck konusunda daha k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 duru\u015flar benimsemeye zorlad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk siyasetinde ise g\u00f6\u00e7 konusu g\u00f6rece yeni bir olgu. Tarihsel olarak T\u00fcrk s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 rejimi \u00e7o\u011funlukla T\u00fcrk etnik k\u00f6kenli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n kabul\u00fc ve yerle\u015fimiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131.32 Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden \u00f6nce en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki dalga \u00fclkelerindeki ya\u015fanmaz ko\u015fullar nedeniyle 1989\u2019da 350.000\u2019den fazla Bulgar T\u00fcrk\u00fc ile 1991\u2019de 400.000 Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrd\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131yla ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.33 Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye 1951 Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan iltica talebinde bulunanlar\u0131 m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in co\u011frafi k\u0131s\u0131t ilkesi benimsemi\u015fti. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 milyon Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015finin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorunluluklar nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6\u00e7 rejimini de\u011fi\u015ftirip Suriyelileri sosyal ve ekonomik hayata daha iyi entegre etmek i\u00e7in yasalar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.34 Baz\u0131 akademisyenler bu yasal de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle bar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yolunda \u00f6nemli bir f\u0131rsat olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrken35 konunun hayli tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 niteli\u011fi nedeniyle daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 yasalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak uzun bir zaman ve ciddi siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar gerektirecek g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Her ne kadar Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar \u201cmisafir\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaya devam etse de 2014 tarihli Ge\u00e7ici Koruma Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi ile 2016\u2019da yabanc\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma izni verilmesi AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n yak\u0131n zamanda muhtemelen geri d\u00f6nmeyecekleri ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle daha bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.36 Hatta 2016\u2019da Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan Suriyelilere vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verilmesi ihtimalini dile getirdi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak bu ilkeye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanla azalm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.37 \u015eu ana kadar sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k 174.000 Suriyeliye vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verildi.38 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k meselesi, ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcrecindeki \u015feffafl\u0131k eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle siyasi tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmaya devam ediyor. Bu y\u00fczden de Zafer Partisi Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u00dcmit \u00d6zda\u011f gibi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verilen Suriyeli say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kolayca abartabildi ve 900.000 Suriyelinin T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti.<\/span><\/p>\n

AKP art\u0131k t\u00fcm Suriyelilere vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verme politikas\u0131 yerine Kuzey Suriye\u2019deki T\u00fcrk askeri operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrk destekli muhaliflerin kontrol\u00fcnde yeni kurulan b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6nceliyor g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.40 Sorun \u015fu ki bu b\u00f6lgeler milyonlarca insan\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131racak gerekli altyap\u0131 ve ekonomik kaynaklardan yoksun. Yine de partinin Suriyelilere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda T\u00fcrk toplumunun g\u00f6\u00e7men varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan duydu\u011fu genel rahats\u0131zl\u0131kla ili\u015fkilendirilebilecek bariz bir de\u011fi\u015fim var. Parti bu \u201crahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00f6zellikle 2019 yerel se\u00e7imlerdeki k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen se\u00e7im performans\u0131n\u0131n bir saiki olarak alg\u0131lama e\u011filiminde.<\/span><\/p>\n

Genel anlamda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki siyasi partilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cge\u00e7ici\u201d misafirlerine y\u00f6nelik tutumlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. G\u00f6\u00e7 konusunun g\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirilmesi ve toplumda artan g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygulara ra\u011fmen AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, muhtemelen konuyu bir dini ahlaki sorumluluk ve h\u0131rsl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak n\u00fcfuzunu kullanma kanal\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in Suriyeli s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik korumac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde korudu. Ancak daha yak\u0131n tarihlerde parti, a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 insani pozisyonunu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin T\u00fcrk destekli muhaliflerin kontrol\u00fcndeki b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirilmesi olarak revize etti.42 AKP\u2019nin son de\u011fi\u015fimi ve di\u011fer partilerin g\u00f6\u00e7e y\u00f6nelik artan ele\u015ftirileri ekonomik ve siyasi fakt\u00f6rlerin birle\u015fik etkisiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc 2011\u2019de gelen ilk s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 dalgas\u0131ndan beri tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konu olmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6\u00e7 konusu ba\u015flarda parti siyasetinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalsa da Suriyelilerin artan say\u0131s\u0131 ve uzayan misafirlikleri nedeniyle son on y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda politik tart\u0131\u015fmalarda daha merkezi bir yer i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bilhassa g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":244,"featured_media":31541,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[363],"tags":[],"asf_pub_issue":[],"asf_pub_region":[10321,17580,17601],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32256"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/244"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32256"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35413,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32256\/revisions\/35413"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32256"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_issue?post=32256"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_region?post=32256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}