{"id":33688,"date":"2022-06-22T12:41:40","date_gmt":"2022-06-22T09:41:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/?p=33688"},"modified":"2022-11-17T15:56:53","modified_gmt":"2022-11-17T12:56:53","slug":"uluslararasi-sorumluluk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/2022\/06\/22\/uluslararasi-sorumluluk\/","title":{"rendered":"Uluslararas\u0131 Sorumluluk Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki Sorunlar ve Bu Sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fclteci Koruma Sistemi \u00dczerine Yans\u0131mas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uluslararas\u0131 Sorumluluk Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki Sorunlar ve Bu Sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fclteci Koruma Sistemi \u00dczerine Yans\u0131mas\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, ge\u00e7ici koruma alt\u0131ndaki 3.7 milyon Suriyeli ile 320 bini a\u015fk\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 korumadan yararlanan m\u00fclteci ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ile D\u00fcnya\u2019da en fazla m\u00fclteciye ev sahipli\u011fi yapan \u00fclke olma konumunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.[i]<\/a> Co\u011frafi konumu ve b\u00f6lgedeki siyasi geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye, i\u00e7inde m\u00fclteci ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir \u00fclke olmaya devam edecek gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. Gerek yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlili\u011finin m\u00fclteci koruma sistemi \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hafifletilmesi, gerekse m\u00fcltecilerin etkin korumadan faydalanabilmesi i\u00e7in daha fazla uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fu bir ger\u00e7ek. Bu noktada, uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk ve y\u00fck payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Peki, uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 nedir ve ne kadar etkili i\u015fliyor? T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki m\u00fclteci koruma sistemi uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda ya\u015fanan sorunlardan ne kadar etkileniyor?<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fclteci hukukunun temelini olu\u015fturan 1951 M\u00fcltecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/a>\u2019nin (\u201c1951 M\u00fclteci S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d) Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde \u201ciltica hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131man\u0131n b\u00e2z\u0131 memleketler i\u00e7in son derece a\u011f\u0131r k\u00fclfet tevlit edebilece\u011fi\u201d ifade edilmi\u015f; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu \u201cy\u00fck\u00fcn\u201d uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fine de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar 1951 M\u00fclteci S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde \u201ck\u00fclfet\u201d (\u201cburden\u201d) ifadesi kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in uzun bir s\u00fcre uluslararas\u0131 literat\u00fcrde \u201cy\u00fck payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d (\u201cburden sharing\u201d) kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da gerek m\u00fcltecilerin daha olumlu temsil edilmesi ve y\u00fck olarak alg\u0131lanmamas\u0131, gerekse uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011finin \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin sadece maddi anlamda \u00e7izilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi amac\u0131yla zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u201csorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve sivil toplum taraf\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok benimsenmi\u015ftir.[ii]<\/a> Zira d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda zorunlu yerinden edilmelerin geldi\u011fi nokta, uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fclteci koruma rejiminin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 zaruri k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 19 Eyl\u00fcl 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenen B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6l\u00e7ekli M\u00fclteci ve G\u00f6\u00e7men Hareketlerine Y\u00f6nelik BM Zirvesi<\/a>\u2019nin sonunda 193 devletin kabul etti\u011fi New York Bildirisi\u2019nin temelinde de \u201csorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131 yer almakta ve daha fazla m\u00fcltecinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkeye yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, Aral\u0131k 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda onaylanan M\u00fcltecilere \u0130li\u015fkin K\u00fcresel Mutabakat<\/a>, m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin bulunabilmesi ve uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011finin gereklili\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir.<\/p>\n

1951 M\u00fclteci S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n denetlenmesi, zorla yerinden edilmi\u015f ki\u015filere koruma sa\u011flanmas\u0131, m\u00fcltecilerin korunmas\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin bulunmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 g\u00f6revleri Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011fi<\/a>\u2019ne (BMMYK) verilmi\u015ftir. BMMYK\u2019n\u0131n operasyonel g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczenlemelerle denetleme yetkisi de tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. BMMYK, ev sahibi \u00fclke anla\u015fmas\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki g\u00f6revine 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu anla\u015fma imzalanana kadar T\u00fcrkiye Devleti\u2019nin izin verdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde faaliyetlerine devam etmi\u015ftir.[iii]<\/a>  Her ne kadar BMMYK ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda ev sahipli\u011fi anla\u015fmas\u0131 olmasa da, A\u0130HM kararlar\u0131nda da bir\u00e7ok kez vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yasal koruman\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi ve etkin bir iltica sisteminin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedenleriyle BMMYK\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma sistemindeki rol\u00fc olduk\u00e7a geni\u015fti. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen ve 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Yabanc\u0131lar ve Uluslararas\u0131 Koruma Kanunu (YUKK), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki iltica sisteminde bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklik meydana getirmi\u015ftir<\/a>. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na tabi G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte BMMYK ile yap\u0131lan i\u015f birli\u011finin \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olmu\u015ftur. Bununla beraber; YUKK\u2019da BMMYK, Uluslararas\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (IOM), sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flarla i\u015f birli\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ek\u015fi\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda detayl\u0131ca belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere; BMMYK, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de uluslararas\u0131 koruma talep eden yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 almayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, koruma talebinde olan ki\u015filerin bulunduklar\u0131 illerde G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckleri\u2019ne ba\u015fvurmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini duyurmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece, BMMYK g\u00f6rev alan\u0131n\u0131 bilgilendirme ve dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k hizmetleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[iv]<\/a> Ancak bu noktada ak\u0131llara kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerle ilgili nas\u0131l bir yol izlenece\u011fi sorusu gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcltecilere uluslararas\u0131 koruma sa\u011fland\u0131ktan sonraki a\u015fama kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flanmas\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. Bu anlamda BMMYK\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/a> y\u00f6ntemi bulunmaktad\u0131r: Yerel entegrasyon, yeniden yerle\u015ftirme ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n yerine getirilebilmesi ancak m\u00fcltecinin men\u015fe \u00fclkesinden yerinden edilmesine neden olan \u015fartlar\u0131n ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir. IOM\u2019nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Destekli G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ve Yeniden Entegrasyon<\/a> program\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu noktada, \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nmek isteyen m\u00fcltecilerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradeleriyle d\u00f6nmek istemesi ve men\u015fe \u00fclkesinde onlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 riske atacak \u015fartlar\u0131n ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Destekli g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f programlar\u0131yla ilgili yap\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck ele\u015ftiriler, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ne kadar g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunsal\u0131 \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak \u00f6nerilen yerel entegrasyon, koruma sa\u011flayan ev sahibi \u00fclkelerde m\u00fcltecilerin toplumun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesini hedeflemektedir. Belli bir zamana yay\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bu y\u00f6ntemin iyi planlanmas\u0131 ve ev sahibi \u00fclkenin g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131n\u0131 buna g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirmesi gerekmektedir. Bu noktada, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlardan gelen yard\u0131mlar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli fonlar ev sahibi \u00fclkelere bu konuda destek vermeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Son olarak ise; ki\u015finin men\u015fe \u00fclkesine g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ev sahibi \u00fclkede yeterli korumaya eri\u015femedi\u011fi durumlarda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere yeniden yerle\u015ftirme kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

BMMYK, kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin uygulanmas\u0131ndan sorumlu oldu\u011fundan, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere yeniden yerle\u015ftirme yapma g\u00f6revi bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1951 M\u00fclteci S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne koydu\u011fu co\u011frafi \u00e7ekinceyi kald\u0131rmamas\u0131 nedeniyle, Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen ve BMMYK\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fc verdi\u011fi ki\u015filer i\u00e7in seneler i\u00e7erisinde benimsenen kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerden biri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere yerle\u015ftirmedir. B\u00f6ylece uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den her sene belli say\u0131da m\u00fclteci ABD, Kanada ve Kuzey \u00fclkeleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere yerle\u015ftirilmektedir. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ge\u00e7ici koruma alt\u0131ndaki Suriyeliler ve uluslararas\u0131 koruma ba\u015fvuru sahiplerinin say\u0131lar\u0131nda ciddi oranda art\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere yerle\u015ftirme oranlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. BMMYK\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi rakamlara g\u00f6re<\/a>; 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda sadece 12,270 m\u00fcltecinin 14 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeye yerle\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere dosyas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da dahil sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fi konusunda her ne kadar odak, ba\u015fvuru sahiplerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve m\u00fcltecileri kabul eden ev sahibi \u00fclkelere finansal yard\u0131m \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fsa da Susan F. Martin ve di\u011fer yazarlar uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n be\u015f farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini dile getirmektedir: Finansal yard\u0131mlar, zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn nedenlerini olu\u015fturan fakt\u00f6rlere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar (bar\u0131\u015f in\u015fas\u0131, \u00f6nleyici diplomasi gibi), m\u00fcltecilerin ve zorunlu yerinden edilen ki\u015filere sa\u011flanan koruma, kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere y\u00f6nelik faaliyetlerde bulunma ve son olarak, kapasite geli\u015ftirme ile iyi uygulamalarla ilgili bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131.[v]<\/a> \u00d6zellikle ev sahibi \u00fclke geli\u015fmekte olan bir \u00fclkeyse kapasite geli\u015ftirme ve gerekli teknik deste\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ileriki d\u00f6nemlerde olu\u015fabilecek sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6nleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana giderek artan m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusuna sahip olan T\u00fcrkiye, bu alanda uluslararas\u0131 camiadan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 destek g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131daki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkeye yerle\u015ftirmeler haricinde daha \u00e7ok finansal yard\u0131ma odaklanan bir i\u015f birli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. Bu anlamda, Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) en \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6r olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Uzun bir s\u00fcredir, \u00f6zellikle Kuzey Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da ya\u015fanan ayaklanmalar sonras\u0131nda artan i\u00e7inde s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ve m\u00fcltecilerin de oldu\u011fu d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menlere kar\u015f\u0131 tutumu ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmalar nedeniyle AB ele\u015ftirilmekteydi. 18 Mart Mutabakat\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere AB\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fi anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcltecilerin korunmas\u0131 alan\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yerine m\u00fcltecileri AB s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutma ama\u00e7l\u0131 olmas\u0131 bu ele\u015ftirilerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, AB\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir milyona yak\u0131n m\u00fcltecinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yunanistan\u2019a ge\u00e7mesinin ard\u0131ndan 18 Mart 2016 tarihinde yap\u0131lan AB-T\u00fcrkiye Mutabakat\u0131<\/a> ile de iyice a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 3+3 milyar Euro tutar\u0131ndaki yard\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye sa\u011flanacak vize serbestisi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yunan adalar\u0131na ge\u00e7en her d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geri kabul\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir m\u00fcltecinin AB \u00fclkelerine yerle\u015ftirilmesi 18 Mart Mutabakat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fartlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. 18 Mart Mutabakat\u0131\u2019ndaki ana ama\u00e7; m\u00fcltecilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den AB\u2019ye d\u00fczensiz ge\u00e7i\u015flerini en aza indirmekti. Bu noktada, AB\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 ve sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 finansal yard\u0131m ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutmas\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 normlar ve m\u00fclteci haklar\u0131 konusunda AB\u2019nin yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirilmesine sebep oldu.[vi]<\/a> \u00d6te yandan, AB\u2019nin kendi i\u00e7inde dahi sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda sorunlar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi \u00fcye \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda m\u00fcltecilerin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kabul edilen kotalar\u0131n bile doldurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hat\u0131rlamak gerekiyor. AB\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 finansal yat\u0131r\u0131mlar haricinde m\u00fcltecilerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yle yeterince sorumluluk payla\u015fmamas\u0131 ele\u015ftirilirken 28 \u015eubat 2020\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tek tarafl\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131 ve d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlara y\u00f6nelmesiyle T\u00fcrkiye, Yunanistan, AB aras\u0131ndaki ipler iyice gerilmi\u015f oldu.  Mart 2020\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar, taraflar\u0131n m\u00fclteci korumas\u0131nda i\u015f birli\u011fine ve sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na gitmekten ziyade m\u00fcltecileri siyasi bir koz h\u00e2line getirdiklerine i\u015faret ediyor. Halbuki, hem taraf olunan uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler gere\u011fi hem de b\u00f6lgedeki m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak b\u00f6lgede ve uluslararas\u0131 alanda sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 giderek daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu anlamda taraflar\u0131n tansiyonu art\u0131rmas\u0131 bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne fayda sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, oda\u011f\u0131n daha da g\u00fcvenlik\u00e7i bir noktaya gelmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya\u2019daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusuna ev sahipli\u011fi yapan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin diplomatik giri\u015fimlerde bulunarak uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na daha \u00e7ok dikkat \u00e7ekmesi ve bu alanda at\u0131labilecek somut \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00f6nermesi gerekmektedir. Gerek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki i\u00e7 siyasette \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa varan g\u00f6\u00e7men ve m\u00fclteci kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlerin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 seviye, gerekse \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda da devam edecek zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketleri uluslararas\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fun payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda etkin bir mekanizma geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Bu mekanizman\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 alanda giderek artan m\u00fclteci kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik\u00e7i politikalar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda de\u011fil; hak temelli, etkin ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 koruma rejiminin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\n

[i]<\/a> UNHCR. (2022). Turkey Fact Sheet. Eri\u015fim i\u00e7in: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/03\/UNHCR-Turkey-Factsheet-February-2022.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> Gottwald, M. (2014). Burden Sharing and Refugee Protection.  Qasmiyet, E. F., Loescher, G., Long, K. And Sigona, N. (ed.) i\u00e7inde. The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies.<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> Ek\u015fi, N. (2019). Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fclteciler Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011fi\u2019nin Faaliyetleri ve T\u00fcrk \u0130ltica Sisteminde De\u011fi\u015fen Rol\u00fc. \u0130stanbul Hukuk Mecmuas\u0131, 77(1): 343-370.<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> A.g.e.<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> Martin, S.F., Davis, R., Benton,ve  G., Waliany (2018). International Responsibility-sharing for Refugees. KNOMAD Working Paper 32. Eri\u015fim i\u00e7in:  https:\/\/www.knomad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-03\/KNOMAD%20WP_International%20Responsbility-Sharing%20for%20Refugees.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> Kale, B. (2017). The Limits of an International Burden-Sharing Approach: The Syrian Refugee Protection Crisis and Its Consequences on Turkey\u2019s Refugee Policy. PERCEPTIONS, Winter 2017, Volume XXII, Number 4, pp.55-84.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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