![\"\"](\"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/f\u0131ratkimya-150x150.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Firat Kimya<\/a> <\/i> 07 Kas\u0131m 2022<\/span><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>PDF \u0130ndir<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>Uzman G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/a> \/ \/ D\u00fcnya Siyaseti<\/a><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>(Bu metin \u0130ngilizce orijinal versiyonundan terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir.)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\nBize benzeyen m\u00fclteciler: Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ifte standard\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor<\/span><\/h2>\n\u00d6zet: <\/strong><\/span>Yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yor. MENA b\u00f6lgesi, Afganistan ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin aksine Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler Avrupa\u2019da s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ra\u011fmen Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 Afgan, Afrikal\u0131 ve Suriyeli m\u00fcltecileri \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\nAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclteci politikalar\u0131na \u00f6n ayak olabilecek co\u011frafi ve politik fakt\u00f6rleri inceleyen bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u0131rk ve din gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerin belirli m\u00fclteci gruplar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muameleyi daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fey uygun dini ve \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerdi. Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130slamofobik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 unsurlar genel g\u00f6\u00e7men kimli\u011finden daha fazla rol oynuyor. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle sadece belirli g\u00f6\u00e7men gruplar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n se\u00e7imlerdeki y\u00fckseli\u015fini tetikliyor. <\/p>\n
Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgalinden sonra d\u00fcnya, bir ba\u015fka m\u00fclteci krizine daha tan\u0131k oldu. BM kaynaklar\u0131 6,6 milyon insan\u0131n \u00fclke i\u00e7inde yerinden edildi\u011fini 6,3 milyon Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n ise \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Polonya, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti ve Almanya gibi Avrupa \u00fclkelerine gitti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Dahas\u0131, 13 milyondan fazla Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n da sava\u015ftan etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerde mahsur kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 artan g\u00fcvenlik riskleri nedeniyle de buralardan ayr\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor.[1]<\/a><\/p>\nAncak Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin aksine Ukraynal\u0131lar s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. En az\u0131ndan k\u0131sa vadede Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler, Avrupa\u2019da hen\u00fcz bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 dalgay\u0131 tetiklememi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hissiyat\u0131 artt\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ev sahibi \u00fclkelerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n se\u00e7imlerde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Bu makale ayr\u0131ca Suriye ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn Avrupa siyasetinde tart\u0131\u015fma kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaya devam etti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n ciddi bir m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusunu kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen Avrupa birli\u011fi \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan\u201d gelen m\u00fcltecileri d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in bir \u201cAvrupa kalesi\u201d in\u015fas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalar harcad\u0131. AB g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunu d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye ile bir anla\u015fma da yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yine de Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131da bulundu. G\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 partiler ayr\u0131ca anaak\u0131m partileri g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik olumsuz bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f benimseyip MENA ve Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131 daha sert ad\u0131mlar atarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmeye zorlad\u0131.[2]<\/a> Bu durum nihayetinde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin daha yoksul Afrika \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderilmesi ve Akdeniz\u2019de sert muameleye maruz kalmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. Avrupal\u0131 \u00fclkeler binlerce g\u00f6\u00e7menin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olan tekneleri geri g\u00f6nderme politikas\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 hukuku \u00e7i\u011fnemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\nBu makale Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin yak\u0131n \u00e7evrelerinde ya\u015fanan bu krize nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi\u011fine k\u0131saca de\u011finiyor. Daha sonra Suriye krizinin Avrupa demokrasilerinde g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyasi partileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek Avrupa siyasetini nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini ele al\u0131yor. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin benimsedi\u011fi insani demokratik ilkelere taban tabana z\u0131t olan g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n
Bizim gibi \u201cBeyaz\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eperinde bir insani trajediye neden oldu. Ruslar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 zafer beklentilerine ra\u011fmen Ukrayna savunmas\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli askeri yard\u0131mlar sayesinde ciddi bir direni\u015f g\u00f6stererek Putin\u2019in \u00fclkeyi h\u0131zla ele ge\u00e7irme planlar\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratt\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e sivil halk \u00fczerindeki etkileri daha da ciddile\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131p milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131 sivilin ka\u00e7\u0131p kom\u015fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
BM verileri Rus i\u015fgalinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6steriyor (\u015eekil 1). 29 Eyl\u00fcl 2022 itibariyle 6,3 milyon Ukraynal\u0131 \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7arken 6,6 milyon Ukraynal\u0131 da \u00fclke i\u00e7inde yerinden edildi. Uluslararas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fanlar \u00f6ncelikle Rusya,[3]<\/a> Polonya, Almanya, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, \u0130talya, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u015fimdiye kadar gittikleri \u00fclke ve toplumlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ki bu geli\u015fme, g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrelerinin uzama ihtimali d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde umut vaat ediyor. Hatta Rus i\u015fgali Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelerek Putin\u2019in AB s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 emperyalist\u00e7e ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir t\u00fcr yolda\u015fl\u0131k ruhu yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n![\"Bize](\"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/12s.png\" "\\"\\"")
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\u015eekil 1: Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en Ukraynal\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131. Kaynak: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fclteci Y\u00fcksek Temsilcisi, 29 Eyl\u00fcl 2022.<\/em><\/p>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgali ve s\u00fcregelen \u015fiddet tehdidi nedeniyle Ukraynal\u0131lara g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat sunulmal\u0131. Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik benzer bir tutum beklemek de gayet normal. Ancak uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n krize y\u00f6nelik tutumu geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerden gelen insanlara y\u00f6nelik k\u00f6k\u00fc derinlerde bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Avrupal\u0131 gazeteci ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar son derece rahats\u0131z ediciydi ve s\u00fcregelen krizi ele al\u0131rken uygulanan a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7ifte standard\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\u00d6rne\u011fin CBS News k\u0131demli d\u0131\u015f politika muhabiri Charlie D\u2019Agata, Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizini haberle\u015ftirirken \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurdu: \u201cKusura bakmay\u0131n ama Ukrayna Irak veya Afganistan gibi on y\u0131llard\u0131r \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara tan\u0131k olmu\u015f bir yer de\u011fil. Kelimelerimi dikkatli se\u00e7mek zorunday\u0131m ama buras\u0131, kimsenin b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyin ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beklemeyece\u011fi veya ummayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rece medeni, g\u00f6rece Avrupal\u0131 bir kent.\u201d[5]<\/a> Gazeteci daha sonra \u00f6z\u00fcr diledi ama Ukrayna krizini yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bir g\u00f6zle aktaran tek ki\u015fi o de\u011fildi. BBC\u2019ye verdi\u011fi bir m\u00fclakatta G\u00fcrcistan eski ba\u015fsavc\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 David Sakvarelidze duyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sefer \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin \u201csar\u0131 sa\u00e7l\u0131, mavi g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u201d Avrupal\u0131 insanlar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.[6]<\/a><\/p>\nTelegraph gazetesinden Daniel Hannan, sava\u015f\u0131n insanlar\u0131n \u201cNetflix izleyip Instagram kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, serbest se\u00e7imlerde oy kullan\u0131p sans\u00fcrs\u00fcz gazeteler okudu\u011fu\u201d bir Avrupa \u00fclkesinde ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131n kendisini \u015foke etti\u011fini ifade etti.[7]<\/a> Frans\u0131z BFM TV kanal\u0131ndan Phillipe Corb\u00e9 ise Suriyelilerle k\u0131yaslamaktan \u00e7ekinmedi ve \u201cBurada Putin\u2019in destekledi\u011fi Suriye rejiminin bombard\u0131man\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an Suriyelilerden bahsetmiyoruz. Canlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in bizimkilere benzeyen arabalarla ka\u00e7an Avrupal\u0131lardan bahsediyoruz.\u201d[8]<\/a> dedi. Benzer yorumlar benzer \u015fekilde Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin Suriyelilerden ne kadar farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulayan ba\u015fka Avrupal\u0131 gazeteciler taraf\u0131ndan da yap\u0131ld\u0131.[9]<\/a><\/p>\nUkraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik d\u00fcped\u00fcz kabileci yakla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 esmer insanlar (yahut MENA b\u00f6lgesindeki insanlar) i\u00e7in do\u011fal bir durum olarak de\u011ferlendiriyor.[10]<\/a> Bat\u0131l\u0131 medyan\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6ylem d\u00fcnya genelinde gazetecilerin ele\u015ftirilerinin hedefi oldu. ABD merkezli Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association [Arap ve Ortado\u011fulu Gazeteciler Derne\u011fi] \u00e7ifte standartlar\u0131 protesto eden bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yay\u0131nlad\u0131.[11]<\/a> Dahas\u0131, daha \u201cmedeni\u201d m\u00fcltecilerin daha \u00e7ok sempatiyi hak etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131 ana ak\u0131m medya de\u011fildi.<\/p>\nAvrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler de Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Polonya \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Mariusz Kaminski, \u00fclkesinin \u201cbombalardan, Rus t\u00fcfeklerinden ka\u00e7an herkese\u201d olan deste\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[12]<\/a> Maalesef Polonya, Polonya-Belarus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bekleyen Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menleri donarak \u00f6l\u00fcme terk etti\u011finde kendileri de Rus bombard\u0131manlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan Suriyeli m\u00fcltecilere \u00e7ok daha az dostane yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[13]<\/a> Benzer \u015fekilde Afgan m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 sert tutumuyla bilinen Avusturya \u015eans\u00f6lyesi Karl Nehammer[14]<\/a> de Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n gerekti\u011finde m\u00fclteci alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Afganistan\u2019dan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtti.[15]<\/a><\/p>\nG\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015flar\u0131yla bilinen taraflar\u0131n bu g\u00f6\u00e7men yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? Uluslararas\u0131 medya ve Avrupal\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n bu iki m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ifte standartlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in co\u011frafi dinamiklere ba\u015fvurulabilir. Bu durumda bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nedeni Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n jeopolitik konumuyla ilgili olacakt\u0131r. Ukrayna Avrupa\u2019dayken Suriye bunun \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131nda. T\u00fcrkiye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131n Suriyeli m\u00fclteci krizindeki tutumuna benzer \u015fekilde Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, \u00f6zellikle de Do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda bulunanlar Ukrayna ile ortak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle daha dostane politikalar benimsedi. Dahas\u0131, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n tarihsel miras\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019daki vah\u015fi Sovyet idaresi Rus i\u015fgalinden dolay\u0131 ac\u0131 \u00e7eken Ukraynal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik olumlu alg\u0131y\u0131 peki\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n siyasi \u00f6zellikleri de Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirmeye sevk etmi\u015f olabilir. Suriye\u2019nin aksine Ukrayna Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eperinde geli\u015fmekte olan bir demokrasi olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor. \u00dclke ayr\u0131ca AB ve NATO \u00fcyesi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ukrayna, Rusya ile olan uzun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 nedeniyle NATO\u2019nun uzun vadeli hedefleri i\u00e7in jeopolitik anlamda hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Yolsuzluk sorunu ve se\u00e7im d\u00fczensizliklerine ra\u011fmen Ukrayna dar bir hanedan kli\u011finin hakim oldu\u011fu bir tek parti diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rejimi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmiyor. Suriye\u2019nin aksine Ukrayna uzun vadede Avrupa siyasal projesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecileri a\u011f\u0131rlamak, Avrupa i\u00e7in Rus yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ukrayna demokrasisini savunman\u0131n bir yolu haline geldi.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle co\u011frafi ve siyasi fakt\u00f6rler Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik tutumuna belli bir me\u015fruiyet sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ancak bu etmenler esmer m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 muameleyi a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz. Ukrayna\u2019dan gelen m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ilk a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki raporlar Ukrayna\u2019daki Nijeryal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilerin Polonya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesinin engellendi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.[16]<\/a> Video kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan siyahi insanlar\u0131n trenlerden at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve siyahi s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin durduruldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.[17]<\/a> Hatta Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131lardan \u00f6nce hayvanlar\u0131n tahliye trenlerine al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren daha endi\u015fe verici haberler de var.[18]<\/a><\/p>\nBu y\u00fczden Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken k\u00fclt\u00fcrel fakt\u00f6rlerin rol\u00fc az\u0131msanamaz. Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin \u201cbeyaz\u201d olmas\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131 halklarla ortak Hristiyan kimlikleri Avrupa medyas\u0131nda ve Avrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda sempati duygular\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Suriyelilerin, Afganlar\u0131n ve Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey uygun dini ve \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerdi. Bu durum medyan\u0131n Ukrayna \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir s\u00f6ylemle haberle\u015ftirmesine ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131na yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n
Anaak\u0131m medya ve Avrupal\u0131 yetkililer b\u00f6yle davranarak \u0131rksal k\u00f6ken, etnik ve dini kimlik, co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve siyasi kurumlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ma\u011fdurlar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma sa\u011flaman\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamakta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. Ancak Avrupa \u00fclkeleri kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Avrupa kalesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Sa\u011f\u0131n Favori G\u00f6\u00e7menleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nUkraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik s\u0131cak tutumun aksine Suriye ve kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engelleniyor. Benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Avrupa Birli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye ile bir anla\u015fma yaparak d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in mali yard\u0131m s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi.[19]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca Danimarka ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k (BK) gibi \u00fclkeler potansiyel m\u00fcltecileri cayd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131 Do\u011fu Afrika \u00fclkesi olan Ruanda\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[20]<\/a><\/p>\nAyr\u0131ca AB d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn temelindeki nedenleri ele al\u0131p daha fazla Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 olarak gelmesin engellemek amac\u0131yla Emergency Trust Fund for Africa [Afrika i\u00e7in Acil G\u00fcven Fonu] olu\u015fturdu.[21]<\/a> Bu giri\u015fimler m\u00fclteci sorununu d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rmakla kalmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda AB\u2019nin MENA ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen insanlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc vermedeki isteksizli\u011fini de ortaya koydu. Bu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu ad\u0131mlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f partilerin y\u00fckseli\u015fini durdurmad\u0131.<\/p>\nAvrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u00fckseli\u015fi 2011\u2019den sonra ya\u015fanan Suriyeli m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bir\u00e7ok siyaset bilimci m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki radikal sa\u011f partilerin se\u00e7im ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisine dikkat \u00e7ekti.[22]<\/a> Flaman Menfaati (Bel\u00e7ika), Danimarka Halk Partisi (Danimarka), Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland [Almanya i\u00e7in Alternatif \u2013 AfD] (Almanya), Ulusal Seferberlik (Fransa), Lega ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri (\u0130talya), Avusturya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Partisi, Alt\u0131n \u015eafak (Yunanistan), Vox (\u0130spanya) ve \u0130sve\u00e7 Demokratlar\u0131 gibi radikal sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler kendi \u00fclkelerinde \u00f6nemli siyasi akt\u00f6rler haline geldi. Bu partiler se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygular \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d olarak etiketleniyor. [23]<\/a><\/p>\nSuriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131ndan ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ula\u015fan m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan sonra bu partiler 2011-2016 aras\u0131nda se\u00e7men tabanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. \u015eekil 2 konsolide Avrupa demokrasilerindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u00fckseli\u015finin 2016\u2019ya kadar aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. AB ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bu oy art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre duraksad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenebilir.<\/p>\n
![\"Bize](\"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/12f.png\" "\\"\\"")
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\u015eekil 2: Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin 2000\u2019den sonra ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 oy y\u00fczdeleri. Siyah kesik \u00e7izgi Suriye krizinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonraki se\u00e7imleri g\u00f6steriyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\u015eu anda Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u00fckseli\u015fini g\u00f6zlemliyoruz. \u0130talya, Fransa, Hollanda ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019teki son parlamento se\u00e7imleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin silinmek bir yana aksine se\u00e7im sahnesindeki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bu partiler art\u0131k ge\u00e7ici akt\u00f6r de\u011fil. Aksine sadece kendi \u00fclkelerinde de\u011fil Avrupa parlamentosunda da etkili akt\u00f6rlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.[24]<\/a><\/p>\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin se\u00e7imlerde geriledi\u011fi \u00fclkelerde (yani Avusturya, Danimarka ve Almanya\u2019da, bkz. \u015eekil 2) bile yine de ciddi bir oy oran\u0131 yakalay\u0131p parlamentolarda \u00f6nemli say\u0131da sandalye kazand\u0131lar. \u0130talya\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. 2022 parlamento se\u00e7imlerinde birinci (\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri) ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc (Lega) s\u0131radaki partiler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hissiyatlar\u0131yla bilinen partilerdir.<\/p>\n
Ancak Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u00fckseli\u015fini milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fine ba\u011flamak zor olacakt\u0131r. \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d bir partinin t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7menler aleyhine politikalar\u0131 desteklemesi beklenir ama Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 hedef almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131p bunun yerine \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan\u201d gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn tehlikelerini vurguluyor. Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle MENA, Afganistan ve Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere dikkat \u00e7ekip onlar\u0131 \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin yeni \u0130talya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Giorgia Meloni bu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7 hakk\u0131ndaki sert g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fmaktan geri durmuyor.[25]<\/a><\/p>\nGeri g\u00f6ndermeleri h\u0131zland\u0131rma, daha s\u0131k\u0131 iltica kurallar\u0131 getirme ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin deniz yoluyla \u0130talya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 denizden abluka alt\u0131na alma s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi. Sert politikalar\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere at\u0131f yapm\u0131yordu. Meloni g\u00f6steriyor ki Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar belirli bir tipteki m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusuna; Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131lara g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131yor. Bu y\u00fczden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015funun \u0130slamofobik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerce \u015fekillendi\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Meloni\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumu genel anlamda Avrupal\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerce de payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.[26]<\/a> Zaten a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f hakk\u0131ndaki mevcut literat\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin anaak\u0131m partileri g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politika duru\u015flar\u0131na kaymaya zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.[27]<\/a> Bunun sonucunda Avrupa \u00fclkeleri tehlikeli Akdeniz sular\u0131 \u00fczerinden Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmaya giri\u015fen m\u00fcltecileri engellemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yak\u0131n tarihli raporlar Avrupa sahil koruma g\u00f6revlilerinin Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in denizde g\u00f6\u00e7menlere sert muamelede bulunup teknelerini geri itti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.[28]<\/a><\/p>\nAvrupa sahil koruma g\u00f6revlileri b\u00f6yle davranarak zaten tehlikeli bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan teknelerdeki sivillerin can\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla tehlikeye at\u0131yor. Suriye \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k 20.000 g\u00f6\u00e7men g\u00fcvenli bir liman aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti (\u015eekil 3). Daha yak\u0131n tarihlerde Suriye\u2019nin Tartus liman\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tekneleri batan 94 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n![\"Bize](\"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/12r.png\" "\\"\\"")
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\u015eekil 3: 2014-2021 aras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131. *Veriler Eyl\u00fcl 2021\u2019de sona eriyor. Kaynak: Statista (https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1082077\/deaths-of-migrants-in-the-mediterranean-sea\/<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\nSonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nRus i\u015fgali Avrupa \u00fclkelerine bir ba\u015fka m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 tetikledi. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri genel anlamda gelen Ukraynal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik dostane politikalar benimsedi. Ancak bu m\u00fclteci dalgas\u0131 MENA, Afganistan ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik derin \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 da g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel fakt\u00f6rlerin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, birli\u011fin ise di\u011fer \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6nlemeye devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Bu arka planda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler Avrupa siyasetinde \u00f6nemli konumlar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye devam ediyor. Bu partiler kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131nda buralardan gelen m\u00fcltecileri \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rarak halk\u0131n deste\u011fini topluyor. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda ya\u015fanan Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fun yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini gerektiriyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131 her m\u00fclteci krizinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131 yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n
Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclteci politikalar\u0131n\u0131 destekleme ihtimali olan co\u011frafi ve politik fakt\u00f6rleri inceleyen bu makale \u0131rk ve din gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin belli m\u00fclteci gruplar\u0131na uygulanan ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muameleyi daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Suriyeli, Afgan ve Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131larda olmayan \u015fey uygun dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerdi.<\/p>\n
Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli bir ya\u015fam ortam\u0131 f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 hak ediyor. Yine de uluslararas\u0131 medya ve Avrupal\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizlerine y\u00f6nelik benimsedi\u011fi \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131ma da dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekiyor. Suriye\u2019de devam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve somut \u015fiddet tehdidi nedeniyle di\u011fer s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere de benzer bir tutum sergilenmesini beklemek son derece normal. \u0130ltica imkan\u0131 vermek co\u011frafi, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7menler e\u015fit seviyede empati ve yard\u0131m\u0131 hak ediyor.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Referanslar<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\n[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unrefugees.org\/emergencies\/ukraine\/<\/a><\/p>\n[2]<\/a> Judith Sunderland, \u201cAsylum Rights Thrown into a Frozen Ditch on Poland-Belarus Border,\u201d 3 Aral\u0131k 2019, Human Rights Watch, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/12\/03\/asylum-rights-thrown-frozen-ditch-poland-belarus-border<\/a><\/p>\n[3]<\/a> Bu m\u00fclteciler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Do\u011fu Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan etnik Ruslard\u0131r.<\/p>\n[4]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi, 2 Mart 2022 \u201cThey are \u2018civilised\u2019 and \u2018look like us\u2019: the racist coverage of Ukraine\u201d Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/mar\/02\/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n[5]<\/a> Sarah al-Arshani, 1 Mart 2022. \u201cWhile trying to address the tragedy unfolding in Ukraine, politicians and journalists show implicit bias by making comparisons to the Middle East\u201d Business Insider, https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/reporters-make-racist-comparisons-between-ukraine-crisis-and-middle-east-2022-3<\/a><\/p>\n[6]<\/a> Al Jazeera, 27 \u015eubat 2022. \u201c\u2018Double standards\u2019: Western coverage of Ukraine war criticized,\u201d https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/2\/27\/western-media-coverage-ukraine-russia-invasion-criticism<\/a><\/p>\n[7]<\/a> Daniel Hannan, 26 \u015eubat 2022, \u201cVladimir Putin\u2019s monstrous invasion is an attack on civilisation itself\u201d https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2022\/02\/26\/vladimir-putins-monstrous-invasion-attack-civilisation\/<\/a><\/p>\n[8]<\/a> Los Angeles Times, 2 Mart 2022, \u201cIn Ukraine reporting, Western press reveals grim bias toward \u2018people like us\u2019\u201d https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/entertainment-arts\/tv\/story\/2022-03-02\/ukraine-russia-war-racism-media-middle-east<\/a><\/p>\n[9]<\/a> ITV muhabiri Polonya\u2019dan bildiriyor: \u201c\u015eimdi akla gelmeyen ba\u015flar\u0131na geldi ve buras\u0131 kalk\u0131nmakta olan bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkesi de\u011fil; buras\u0131 Avrupa!\u201d https:\/\/twitter.com\/jrc1921\/status\/1497878168216252416<\/a><\/p>\n[10]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi, 2 Mart 2022 \u201cThey are \u2018civilised\u2019 and \u2018look like us\u2019: the racist coverage of Ukraine\u201d Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/mar\/02\/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n[11]<\/a> Ja\u2019han Jones, 1 Mart 2022, \u201cThese bad takes on the Russia-Ukraine conflict reveal a lot about pundits’ biases,\u201d https:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/the-reidout\/reidout-blog\/russia-ukraine-media-coverage-rcna18017<\/a><\/p>\n[12]<\/a> Minister Kami\u0144ski: We will show solidarity and support to all our Ukrainian brothers, 24 \u015eubat 2022, https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/mswia-en\/minister-kaminski-we-will-show-solidarity-and-support-to-all-our-ukrainian-brothers<\/a><\/p>\n[13]<\/a> \u201c14-year-old boy freezes to death on Polish-Belarusian border,\u201d InfoMigrants, 11 Aral\u0131k 2021, https:\/\/www.infomigrants.net\/en\/post\/36422\/14yearold-boy-freezes-to-death-on-polishbelarusian-border<\/a><\/p>\n[14]<\/a> \u201cAustria keeps hard line on deporting Afghans\u201d Euronews 15 A\u011fustos 2021, https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2021\/08\/15\/us-afghanistan-conflict-austria<\/a><\/p>\n[15]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi 2 Mart 2022.<\/p>\n[16]<\/a> Stephanie Hegarty, 28 \u015eubat 2022, \u201cUkraine conflict: Nigeria condemns treatment of Africans,\u201d BBC https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-60555650<\/a><\/p>\n[17]<\/a> Rashawn Ray, 3 Mart 2022, \u201cThe Russian invasion of Ukraine shows racism has no boundaries\u201d Brookings, https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/how-we-rise\/2022\/03\/03\/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-shows-racism-has-no-boundaries\/<\/a><\/p>\n[18]<\/a> Rashawn Ray, Brookings.<\/p>\n[19]<\/a> M\u00fcge Dalk\u0131ran, 22 Haziran 2022, \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Sorumluluk Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki Sorunlar ve Bu Sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fclteci Koruma Sistemi \u00dczerine Yans\u0131mas\u0131\u201d Al Sharq Strategic Research, https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/2022\/06\/22\/uluslararasi-sorumluluk-paylasimindaki-sorunlar-ve-bu-sorunlarin-turkiyede-multeci-koruma-sistemi-uzerine-yansimasi\/<\/a><\/p>\n[20]<\/a> Tazreena Sajjad, 28 Temmuz 2022, \u201cWestern countries are shipping refugees to poorer nations in exchange for cash,\u201d The Conversation, https:\/\/theconversation.com\/western-countries-are-shipping-refugees-to-poorer-nations-in-exchange-for-cash-185758<\/a><\/p>\n[21]<\/a> Gianna-Carina Gr\u00fcn, 12 Nisan 2022, \u201cHow the EU spent billions to halt migration from Africa,\u201d Deutsche Welle, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/how-the-eu-spent-billions-to-halt-migration-from-africa\/a-61362906<\/a><\/p>\n[22]<\/a> See Davis, L. ve Deole, S. S., (2017). \u201cImmigration and the Rise of Far-Right Parties in Europe,\u201d ifo DICE Report 4\/Cilt: 15,<\/em> ss. 10-15; Podobnik, B., Jusup, M., Kovac, D. ve Stanley, H. E., (2017). \u201cPredicting the Rise of EU Right-Wing Populism in Response to Unbalanced Immigration,\u201d Hindawi Complexity, Article ID 1580526,<\/em> ss. 1-12.<\/p>\n[23]<\/a> Mudde, C., (2007). \u201cThe Populist Radical Right in Europe,\u201d<\/em> Cambridge: Cambridge University<\/p>\nPress<\/p>\n
[24]<\/a> \u201cFar-right parties form new group in European Parliament,\u201d Deutsche Welle, 14 Haziran 2019, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/far-right-parties-form-new-group-in-european-parliament\/a-49189262<\/a><\/p>\n[25]<\/a> Crispian Balmer, 7 Ekim 2022, \u201cMigrants face tougher times in Meloni’s Italy\u201d Reuters, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/migrants-face-tougher-times-melonis-italy-2022-10-07\/<\/a><\/p>\n[26]<\/a> Jon Stones, 13 May\u0131s 2020, \u201cEU condemns rescue boats picking up drowning refugees in Mediterranean as leaders side with populists,\u201d The Independent, https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/eu-migrant-crisis-rescue-boats-refugees-drowning-charity-mediterranean-a8423261.html<\/a><\/p>\n[27]<\/a> Han, K. J., (2015). \u201cThe Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties on the Positions of Mainstream<\/p>\nParties Regarding Multiculturalism,\u201d West European Politics, Cilt: 38, Say\u0131: 3,<\/em> ss. 557-576.<\/p>\n[28]<\/a> \u201cNew footage reveals Greek migrant pushbacks toward Turkish waters,\u201d 25 Temmuz 2022, https:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/politics\/eu-affairs\/new-footage-reveals-greek-migrant-pushbacks-toward-turkish-waters<\/a><\/p>\n[29]<\/a> \u201cDeath toll from sinking of Lebanon boat rises to 94,\u201d 24 Eyl\u00fcl 2022, The Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/24\/lebanon-migrant-boat-sinking-syria-death-toll<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yor. MENA b\u00f6lgesi, Afganistan ve Afrika <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":244,"featured_media":35269,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[361],"tags":[17701,18872,18873,18902,18903,18904,18905,18906,18907,18908,18909,18910],"asf_pub_issue":[10317],"asf_pub_region":[10325],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/244"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35416"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35777,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416\/revisions\/35777"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_issue?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_region?post=35416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Uzman G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/a> \/ \/ D\u00fcnya Siyaseti<\/a><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>(Bu metin \u0130ngilizce orijinal versiyonundan terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir.)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\nBize benzeyen m\u00fclteciler: Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ifte standard\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor<\/span><\/h2>\n\u00d6zet: <\/strong><\/span>Yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yor. MENA b\u00f6lgesi, Afganistan ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin aksine Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler Avrupa\u2019da s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ra\u011fmen Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 Afgan, Afrikal\u0131 ve Suriyeli m\u00fcltecileri \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\nAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclteci politikalar\u0131na \u00f6n ayak olabilecek co\u011frafi ve politik fakt\u00f6rleri inceleyen bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u0131rk ve din gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerin belirli m\u00fclteci gruplar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muameleyi daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fey uygun dini ve \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerdi. Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130slamofobik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 unsurlar genel g\u00f6\u00e7men kimli\u011finden daha fazla rol oynuyor. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle sadece belirli g\u00f6\u00e7men gruplar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n se\u00e7imlerdeki y\u00fckseli\u015fini tetikliyor. <\/p>\n
Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgalinden sonra d\u00fcnya, bir ba\u015fka m\u00fclteci krizine daha tan\u0131k oldu. BM kaynaklar\u0131 6,6 milyon insan\u0131n \u00fclke i\u00e7inde yerinden edildi\u011fini 6,3 milyon Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n ise \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Polonya, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti ve Almanya gibi Avrupa \u00fclkelerine gitti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Dahas\u0131, 13 milyondan fazla Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n da sava\u015ftan etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerde mahsur kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 artan g\u00fcvenlik riskleri nedeniyle de buralardan ayr\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor.[1]<\/a><\/p>\nAncak Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin aksine Ukraynal\u0131lar s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. En az\u0131ndan k\u0131sa vadede Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler, Avrupa\u2019da hen\u00fcz bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 dalgay\u0131 tetiklememi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hissiyat\u0131 artt\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ev sahibi \u00fclkelerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n se\u00e7imlerde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Bu makale ayr\u0131ca Suriye ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn Avrupa siyasetinde tart\u0131\u015fma kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaya devam etti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n ciddi bir m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusunu kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen Avrupa birli\u011fi \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan\u201d gelen m\u00fcltecileri d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in bir \u201cAvrupa kalesi\u201d in\u015fas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalar harcad\u0131. AB g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunu d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye ile bir anla\u015fma da yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yine de Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131da bulundu. G\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 partiler ayr\u0131ca anaak\u0131m partileri g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik olumsuz bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f benimseyip MENA ve Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131 daha sert ad\u0131mlar atarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmeye zorlad\u0131.[2]<\/a> Bu durum nihayetinde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin daha yoksul Afrika \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderilmesi ve Akdeniz\u2019de sert muameleye maruz kalmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. Avrupal\u0131 \u00fclkeler binlerce g\u00f6\u00e7menin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olan tekneleri geri g\u00f6nderme politikas\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 hukuku \u00e7i\u011fnemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\nBu makale Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin yak\u0131n \u00e7evrelerinde ya\u015fanan bu krize nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi\u011fine k\u0131saca de\u011finiyor. Daha sonra Suriye krizinin Avrupa demokrasilerinde g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyasi partileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek Avrupa siyasetini nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini ele al\u0131yor. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin benimsedi\u011fi insani demokratik ilkelere taban tabana z\u0131t olan g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n
Bizim gibi \u201cBeyaz\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eperinde bir insani trajediye neden oldu. Ruslar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 zafer beklentilerine ra\u011fmen Ukrayna savunmas\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli askeri yard\u0131mlar sayesinde ciddi bir direni\u015f g\u00f6stererek Putin\u2019in \u00fclkeyi h\u0131zla ele ge\u00e7irme planlar\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratt\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e sivil halk \u00fczerindeki etkileri daha da ciddile\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131p milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131 sivilin ka\u00e7\u0131p kom\u015fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
BM verileri Rus i\u015fgalinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6steriyor (\u015eekil 1). 29 Eyl\u00fcl 2022 itibariyle 6,3 milyon Ukraynal\u0131 \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7arken 6,6 milyon Ukraynal\u0131 da \u00fclke i\u00e7inde yerinden edildi. Uluslararas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fanlar \u00f6ncelikle Rusya,[3]<\/a> Polonya, Almanya, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, \u0130talya, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u015fimdiye kadar gittikleri \u00fclke ve toplumlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ki bu geli\u015fme, g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrelerinin uzama ihtimali d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde umut vaat ediyor. Hatta Rus i\u015fgali Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelerek Putin\u2019in AB s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 emperyalist\u00e7e ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir t\u00fcr yolda\u015fl\u0131k ruhu yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u015eekil 1: Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en Ukraynal\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131. Kaynak: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fclteci Y\u00fcksek Temsilcisi, 29 Eyl\u00fcl 2022.<\/em><\/p>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgali ve s\u00fcregelen \u015fiddet tehdidi nedeniyle Ukraynal\u0131lara g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat sunulmal\u0131. Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik benzer bir tutum beklemek de gayet normal. Ancak uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n krize y\u00f6nelik tutumu geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerden gelen insanlara y\u00f6nelik k\u00f6k\u00fc derinlerde bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Avrupal\u0131 gazeteci ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar son derece rahats\u0131z ediciydi ve s\u00fcregelen krizi ele al\u0131rken uygulanan a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7ifte standard\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\u00d6rne\u011fin CBS News k\u0131demli d\u0131\u015f politika muhabiri Charlie D\u2019Agata, Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizini haberle\u015ftirirken \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurdu: \u201cKusura bakmay\u0131n ama Ukrayna Irak veya Afganistan gibi on y\u0131llard\u0131r \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara tan\u0131k olmu\u015f bir yer de\u011fil. Kelimelerimi dikkatli se\u00e7mek zorunday\u0131m ama buras\u0131, kimsenin b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyin ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beklemeyece\u011fi veya ummayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rece medeni, g\u00f6rece Avrupal\u0131 bir kent.\u201d[5]<\/a> Gazeteci daha sonra \u00f6z\u00fcr diledi ama Ukrayna krizini yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bir g\u00f6zle aktaran tek ki\u015fi o de\u011fildi. BBC\u2019ye verdi\u011fi bir m\u00fclakatta G\u00fcrcistan eski ba\u015fsavc\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 David Sakvarelidze duyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sefer \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin \u201csar\u0131 sa\u00e7l\u0131, mavi g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u201d Avrupal\u0131 insanlar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.[6]<\/a><\/p>\nTelegraph gazetesinden Daniel Hannan, sava\u015f\u0131n insanlar\u0131n \u201cNetflix izleyip Instagram kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, serbest se\u00e7imlerde oy kullan\u0131p sans\u00fcrs\u00fcz gazeteler okudu\u011fu\u201d bir Avrupa \u00fclkesinde ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131n kendisini \u015foke etti\u011fini ifade etti.[7]<\/a> Frans\u0131z BFM TV kanal\u0131ndan Phillipe Corb\u00e9 ise Suriyelilerle k\u0131yaslamaktan \u00e7ekinmedi ve \u201cBurada Putin\u2019in destekledi\u011fi Suriye rejiminin bombard\u0131man\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an Suriyelilerden bahsetmiyoruz. Canlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in bizimkilere benzeyen arabalarla ka\u00e7an Avrupal\u0131lardan bahsediyoruz.\u201d[8]<\/a> dedi. Benzer yorumlar benzer \u015fekilde Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin Suriyelilerden ne kadar farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulayan ba\u015fka Avrupal\u0131 gazeteciler taraf\u0131ndan da yap\u0131ld\u0131.[9]<\/a><\/p>\nUkraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik d\u00fcped\u00fcz kabileci yakla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 esmer insanlar (yahut MENA b\u00f6lgesindeki insanlar) i\u00e7in do\u011fal bir durum olarak de\u011ferlendiriyor.[10]<\/a> Bat\u0131l\u0131 medyan\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6ylem d\u00fcnya genelinde gazetecilerin ele\u015ftirilerinin hedefi oldu. ABD merkezli Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association [Arap ve Ortado\u011fulu Gazeteciler Derne\u011fi] \u00e7ifte standartlar\u0131 protesto eden bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yay\u0131nlad\u0131.[11]<\/a> Dahas\u0131, daha \u201cmedeni\u201d m\u00fcltecilerin daha \u00e7ok sempatiyi hak etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131 ana ak\u0131m medya de\u011fildi.<\/p>\nAvrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler de Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Polonya \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Mariusz Kaminski, \u00fclkesinin \u201cbombalardan, Rus t\u00fcfeklerinden ka\u00e7an herkese\u201d olan deste\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[12]<\/a> Maalesef Polonya, Polonya-Belarus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bekleyen Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menleri donarak \u00f6l\u00fcme terk etti\u011finde kendileri de Rus bombard\u0131manlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan Suriyeli m\u00fcltecilere \u00e7ok daha az dostane yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[13]<\/a> Benzer \u015fekilde Afgan m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 sert tutumuyla bilinen Avusturya \u015eans\u00f6lyesi Karl Nehammer[14]<\/a> de Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n gerekti\u011finde m\u00fclteci alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Afganistan\u2019dan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtti.[15]<\/a><\/p>\nG\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015flar\u0131yla bilinen taraflar\u0131n bu g\u00f6\u00e7men yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? Uluslararas\u0131 medya ve Avrupal\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n bu iki m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ifte standartlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in co\u011frafi dinamiklere ba\u015fvurulabilir. Bu durumda bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nedeni Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n jeopolitik konumuyla ilgili olacakt\u0131r. Ukrayna Avrupa\u2019dayken Suriye bunun \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131nda. T\u00fcrkiye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131n Suriyeli m\u00fclteci krizindeki tutumuna benzer \u015fekilde Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, \u00f6zellikle de Do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda bulunanlar Ukrayna ile ortak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle daha dostane politikalar benimsedi. Dahas\u0131, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n tarihsel miras\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019daki vah\u015fi Sovyet idaresi Rus i\u015fgalinden dolay\u0131 ac\u0131 \u00e7eken Ukraynal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik olumlu alg\u0131y\u0131 peki\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n siyasi \u00f6zellikleri de Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirmeye sevk etmi\u015f olabilir. Suriye\u2019nin aksine Ukrayna Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eperinde geli\u015fmekte olan bir demokrasi olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor. \u00dclke ayr\u0131ca AB ve NATO \u00fcyesi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ukrayna, Rusya ile olan uzun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 nedeniyle NATO\u2019nun uzun vadeli hedefleri i\u00e7in jeopolitik anlamda hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Yolsuzluk sorunu ve se\u00e7im d\u00fczensizliklerine ra\u011fmen Ukrayna dar bir hanedan kli\u011finin hakim oldu\u011fu bir tek parti diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rejimi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmiyor. Suriye\u2019nin aksine Ukrayna uzun vadede Avrupa siyasal projesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecileri a\u011f\u0131rlamak, Avrupa i\u00e7in Rus yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ukrayna demokrasisini savunman\u0131n bir yolu haline geldi.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle co\u011frafi ve siyasi fakt\u00f6rler Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik tutumuna belli bir me\u015fruiyet sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ancak bu etmenler esmer m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 muameleyi a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz. Ukrayna\u2019dan gelen m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ilk a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki raporlar Ukrayna\u2019daki Nijeryal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilerin Polonya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesinin engellendi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.[16]<\/a> Video kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan siyahi insanlar\u0131n trenlerden at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve siyahi s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin durduruldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.[17]<\/a> Hatta Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131lardan \u00f6nce hayvanlar\u0131n tahliye trenlerine al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren daha endi\u015fe verici haberler de var.[18]<\/a><\/p>\nBu y\u00fczden Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken k\u00fclt\u00fcrel fakt\u00f6rlerin rol\u00fc az\u0131msanamaz. Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin \u201cbeyaz\u201d olmas\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131 halklarla ortak Hristiyan kimlikleri Avrupa medyas\u0131nda ve Avrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda sempati duygular\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Suriyelilerin, Afganlar\u0131n ve Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey uygun dini ve \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerdi. Bu durum medyan\u0131n Ukrayna \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir s\u00f6ylemle haberle\u015ftirmesine ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131na yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n
Anaak\u0131m medya ve Avrupal\u0131 yetkililer b\u00f6yle davranarak \u0131rksal k\u00f6ken, etnik ve dini kimlik, co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve siyasi kurumlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ma\u011fdurlar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma sa\u011flaman\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamakta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. Ancak Avrupa \u00fclkeleri kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Avrupa kalesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Sa\u011f\u0131n Favori G\u00f6\u00e7menleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nUkraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik s\u0131cak tutumun aksine Suriye ve kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engelleniyor. Benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Avrupa Birli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye ile bir anla\u015fma yaparak d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in mali yard\u0131m s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi.[19]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca Danimarka ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k (BK) gibi \u00fclkeler potansiyel m\u00fcltecileri cayd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131 Do\u011fu Afrika \u00fclkesi olan Ruanda\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[20]<\/a><\/p>\nAyr\u0131ca AB d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn temelindeki nedenleri ele al\u0131p daha fazla Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 olarak gelmesin engellemek amac\u0131yla Emergency Trust Fund for Africa [Afrika i\u00e7in Acil G\u00fcven Fonu] olu\u015fturdu.[21]<\/a> Bu giri\u015fimler m\u00fclteci sorununu d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rmakla kalmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda AB\u2019nin MENA ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen insanlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc vermedeki isteksizli\u011fini de ortaya koydu. Bu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu ad\u0131mlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f partilerin y\u00fckseli\u015fini durdurmad\u0131.<\/p>\nAvrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u00fckseli\u015fi 2011\u2019den sonra ya\u015fanan Suriyeli m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bir\u00e7ok siyaset bilimci m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki radikal sa\u011f partilerin se\u00e7im ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisine dikkat \u00e7ekti.[22]<\/a> Flaman Menfaati (Bel\u00e7ika), Danimarka Halk Partisi (Danimarka), Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland [Almanya i\u00e7in Alternatif \u2013 AfD] (Almanya), Ulusal Seferberlik (Fransa), Lega ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri (\u0130talya), Avusturya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Partisi, Alt\u0131n \u015eafak (Yunanistan), Vox (\u0130spanya) ve \u0130sve\u00e7 Demokratlar\u0131 gibi radikal sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler kendi \u00fclkelerinde \u00f6nemli siyasi akt\u00f6rler haline geldi. Bu partiler se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygular \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d olarak etiketleniyor. [23]<\/a><\/p>\nSuriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131ndan ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ula\u015fan m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan sonra bu partiler 2011-2016 aras\u0131nda se\u00e7men tabanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. \u015eekil 2 konsolide Avrupa demokrasilerindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u00fckseli\u015finin 2016\u2019ya kadar aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. AB ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bu oy art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre duraksad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenebilir.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u015eekil 2: Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin 2000\u2019den sonra ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 oy y\u00fczdeleri. Siyah kesik \u00e7izgi Suriye krizinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonraki se\u00e7imleri g\u00f6steriyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\u015eu anda Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u00fckseli\u015fini g\u00f6zlemliyoruz. \u0130talya, Fransa, Hollanda ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019teki son parlamento se\u00e7imleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin silinmek bir yana aksine se\u00e7im sahnesindeki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bu partiler art\u0131k ge\u00e7ici akt\u00f6r de\u011fil. Aksine sadece kendi \u00fclkelerinde de\u011fil Avrupa parlamentosunda da etkili akt\u00f6rlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.[24]<\/a><\/p>\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin se\u00e7imlerde geriledi\u011fi \u00fclkelerde (yani Avusturya, Danimarka ve Almanya\u2019da, bkz. \u015eekil 2) bile yine de ciddi bir oy oran\u0131 yakalay\u0131p parlamentolarda \u00f6nemli say\u0131da sandalye kazand\u0131lar. \u0130talya\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. 2022 parlamento se\u00e7imlerinde birinci (\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri) ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc (Lega) s\u0131radaki partiler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hissiyatlar\u0131yla bilinen partilerdir.<\/p>\n
Ancak Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u00fckseli\u015fini milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fine ba\u011flamak zor olacakt\u0131r. \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d bir partinin t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7menler aleyhine politikalar\u0131 desteklemesi beklenir ama Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 hedef almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131p bunun yerine \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan\u201d gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn tehlikelerini vurguluyor. Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle MENA, Afganistan ve Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere dikkat \u00e7ekip onlar\u0131 \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin yeni \u0130talya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Giorgia Meloni bu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7 hakk\u0131ndaki sert g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fmaktan geri durmuyor.[25]<\/a><\/p>\nGeri g\u00f6ndermeleri h\u0131zland\u0131rma, daha s\u0131k\u0131 iltica kurallar\u0131 getirme ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin deniz yoluyla \u0130talya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 denizden abluka alt\u0131na alma s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi. Sert politikalar\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere at\u0131f yapm\u0131yordu. Meloni g\u00f6steriyor ki Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar belirli bir tipteki m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusuna; Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131lara g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131yor. Bu y\u00fczden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015funun \u0130slamofobik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerce \u015fekillendi\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Meloni\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumu genel anlamda Avrupal\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerce de payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.[26]<\/a> Zaten a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f hakk\u0131ndaki mevcut literat\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin anaak\u0131m partileri g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politika duru\u015flar\u0131na kaymaya zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.[27]<\/a> Bunun sonucunda Avrupa \u00fclkeleri tehlikeli Akdeniz sular\u0131 \u00fczerinden Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmaya giri\u015fen m\u00fcltecileri engellemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yak\u0131n tarihli raporlar Avrupa sahil koruma g\u00f6revlilerinin Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in denizde g\u00f6\u00e7menlere sert muamelede bulunup teknelerini geri itti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.[28]<\/a><\/p>\nAvrupa sahil koruma g\u00f6revlileri b\u00f6yle davranarak zaten tehlikeli bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan teknelerdeki sivillerin can\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla tehlikeye at\u0131yor. Suriye \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k 20.000 g\u00f6\u00e7men g\u00fcvenli bir liman aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti (\u015eekil 3). Daha yak\u0131n tarihlerde Suriye\u2019nin Tartus liman\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tekneleri batan 94 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u015eekil 3: 2014-2021 aras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131. *Veriler Eyl\u00fcl 2021\u2019de sona eriyor. Kaynak: Statista (https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1082077\/deaths-of-migrants-in-the-mediterranean-sea\/<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\nSonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\nRus i\u015fgali Avrupa \u00fclkelerine bir ba\u015fka m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 tetikledi. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri genel anlamda gelen Ukraynal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik dostane politikalar benimsedi. Ancak bu m\u00fclteci dalgas\u0131 MENA, Afganistan ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik derin \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 da g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel fakt\u00f6rlerin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, birli\u011fin ise di\u011fer \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6nlemeye devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Bu arka planda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler Avrupa siyasetinde \u00f6nemli konumlar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye devam ediyor. Bu partiler kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131nda buralardan gelen m\u00fcltecileri \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rarak halk\u0131n deste\u011fini topluyor. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda ya\u015fanan Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fun yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini gerektiriyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131 her m\u00fclteci krizinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131 yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n
Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclteci politikalar\u0131n\u0131 destekleme ihtimali olan co\u011frafi ve politik fakt\u00f6rleri inceleyen bu makale \u0131rk ve din gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin belli m\u00fclteci gruplar\u0131na uygulanan ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muameleyi daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Suriyeli, Afgan ve Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131larda olmayan \u015fey uygun dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerdi.<\/p>\n
Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli bir ya\u015fam ortam\u0131 f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 hak ediyor. Yine de uluslararas\u0131 medya ve Avrupal\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizlerine y\u00f6nelik benimsedi\u011fi \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131ma da dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekiyor. Suriye\u2019de devam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve somut \u015fiddet tehdidi nedeniyle di\u011fer s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere de benzer bir tutum sergilenmesini beklemek son derece normal. \u0130ltica imkan\u0131 vermek co\u011frafi, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7menler e\u015fit seviyede empati ve yard\u0131m\u0131 hak ediyor.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Referanslar<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
\n[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unrefugees.org\/emergencies\/ukraine\/<\/a><\/p>\n[2]<\/a> Judith Sunderland, \u201cAsylum Rights Thrown into a Frozen Ditch on Poland-Belarus Border,\u201d 3 Aral\u0131k 2019, Human Rights Watch, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/12\/03\/asylum-rights-thrown-frozen-ditch-poland-belarus-border<\/a><\/p>\n[3]<\/a> Bu m\u00fclteciler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Do\u011fu Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan etnik Ruslard\u0131r.<\/p>\n[4]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi, 2 Mart 2022 \u201cThey are \u2018civilised\u2019 and \u2018look like us\u2019: the racist coverage of Ukraine\u201d Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/mar\/02\/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n[5]<\/a> Sarah al-Arshani, 1 Mart 2022. \u201cWhile trying to address the tragedy unfolding in Ukraine, politicians and journalists show implicit bias by making comparisons to the Middle East\u201d Business Insider, https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/reporters-make-racist-comparisons-between-ukraine-crisis-and-middle-east-2022-3<\/a><\/p>\n[6]<\/a> Al Jazeera, 27 \u015eubat 2022. \u201c\u2018Double standards\u2019: Western coverage of Ukraine war criticized,\u201d https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/2\/27\/western-media-coverage-ukraine-russia-invasion-criticism<\/a><\/p>\n[7]<\/a> Daniel Hannan, 26 \u015eubat 2022, \u201cVladimir Putin\u2019s monstrous invasion is an attack on civilisation itself\u201d https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2022\/02\/26\/vladimir-putins-monstrous-invasion-attack-civilisation\/<\/a><\/p>\n[8]<\/a> Los Angeles Times, 2 Mart 2022, \u201cIn Ukraine reporting, Western press reveals grim bias toward \u2018people like us\u2019\u201d https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/entertainment-arts\/tv\/story\/2022-03-02\/ukraine-russia-war-racism-media-middle-east<\/a><\/p>\n[9]<\/a> ITV muhabiri Polonya\u2019dan bildiriyor: \u201c\u015eimdi akla gelmeyen ba\u015flar\u0131na geldi ve buras\u0131 kalk\u0131nmakta olan bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkesi de\u011fil; buras\u0131 Avrupa!\u201d https:\/\/twitter.com\/jrc1921\/status\/1497878168216252416<\/a><\/p>\n[10]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi, 2 Mart 2022 \u201cThey are \u2018civilised\u2019 and \u2018look like us\u2019: the racist coverage of Ukraine\u201d Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/mar\/02\/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n[11]<\/a> Ja\u2019han Jones, 1 Mart 2022, \u201cThese bad takes on the Russia-Ukraine conflict reveal a lot about pundits’ biases,\u201d https:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/the-reidout\/reidout-blog\/russia-ukraine-media-coverage-rcna18017<\/a><\/p>\n[12]<\/a> Minister Kami\u0144ski: We will show solidarity and support to all our Ukrainian brothers, 24 \u015eubat 2022, https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/mswia-en\/minister-kaminski-we-will-show-solidarity-and-support-to-all-our-ukrainian-brothers<\/a><\/p>\n[13]<\/a> \u201c14-year-old boy freezes to death on Polish-Belarusian border,\u201d InfoMigrants, 11 Aral\u0131k 2021, https:\/\/www.infomigrants.net\/en\/post\/36422\/14yearold-boy-freezes-to-death-on-polishbelarusian-border<\/a><\/p>\n[14]<\/a> \u201cAustria keeps hard line on deporting Afghans\u201d Euronews 15 A\u011fustos 2021, https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2021\/08\/15\/us-afghanistan-conflict-austria<\/a><\/p>\n[15]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi 2 Mart 2022.<\/p>\n[16]<\/a> Stephanie Hegarty, 28 \u015eubat 2022, \u201cUkraine conflict: Nigeria condemns treatment of Africans,\u201d BBC https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-60555650<\/a><\/p>\n[17]<\/a> Rashawn Ray, 3 Mart 2022, \u201cThe Russian invasion of Ukraine shows racism has no boundaries\u201d Brookings, https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/how-we-rise\/2022\/03\/03\/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-shows-racism-has-no-boundaries\/<\/a><\/p>\n[18]<\/a> Rashawn Ray, Brookings.<\/p>\n[19]<\/a> M\u00fcge Dalk\u0131ran, 22 Haziran 2022, \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Sorumluluk Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki Sorunlar ve Bu Sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fclteci Koruma Sistemi \u00dczerine Yans\u0131mas\u0131\u201d Al Sharq Strategic Research, https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/2022\/06\/22\/uluslararasi-sorumluluk-paylasimindaki-sorunlar-ve-bu-sorunlarin-turkiyede-multeci-koruma-sistemi-uzerine-yansimasi\/<\/a><\/p>\n[20]<\/a> Tazreena Sajjad, 28 Temmuz 2022, \u201cWestern countries are shipping refugees to poorer nations in exchange for cash,\u201d The Conversation, https:\/\/theconversation.com\/western-countries-are-shipping-refugees-to-poorer-nations-in-exchange-for-cash-185758<\/a><\/p>\n[21]<\/a> Gianna-Carina Gr\u00fcn, 12 Nisan 2022, \u201cHow the EU spent billions to halt migration from Africa,\u201d Deutsche Welle, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/how-the-eu-spent-billions-to-halt-migration-from-africa\/a-61362906<\/a><\/p>\n[22]<\/a> See Davis, L. ve Deole, S. S., (2017). \u201cImmigration and the Rise of Far-Right Parties in Europe,\u201d ifo DICE Report 4\/Cilt: 15,<\/em> ss. 10-15; Podobnik, B., Jusup, M., Kovac, D. ve Stanley, H. E., (2017). \u201cPredicting the Rise of EU Right-Wing Populism in Response to Unbalanced Immigration,\u201d Hindawi Complexity, Article ID 1580526,<\/em> ss. 1-12.<\/p>\n[23]<\/a> Mudde, C., (2007). \u201cThe Populist Radical Right in Europe,\u201d<\/em> Cambridge: Cambridge University<\/p>\nPress<\/p>\n
[24]<\/a> \u201cFar-right parties form new group in European Parliament,\u201d Deutsche Welle, 14 Haziran 2019, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/far-right-parties-form-new-group-in-european-parliament\/a-49189262<\/a><\/p>\n[25]<\/a> Crispian Balmer, 7 Ekim 2022, \u201cMigrants face tougher times in Meloni’s Italy\u201d Reuters, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/migrants-face-tougher-times-melonis-italy-2022-10-07\/<\/a><\/p>\n[26]<\/a> Jon Stones, 13 May\u0131s 2020, \u201cEU condemns rescue boats picking up drowning refugees in Mediterranean as leaders side with populists,\u201d The Independent, https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/eu-migrant-crisis-rescue-boats-refugees-drowning-charity-mediterranean-a8423261.html<\/a><\/p>\n[27]<\/a> Han, K. J., (2015). \u201cThe Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties on the Positions of Mainstream<\/p>\nParties Regarding Multiculturalism,\u201d West European Politics, Cilt: 38, Say\u0131: 3,<\/em> ss. 557-576.<\/p>\n[28]<\/a> \u201cNew footage reveals Greek migrant pushbacks toward Turkish waters,\u201d 25 Temmuz 2022, https:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/politics\/eu-affairs\/new-footage-reveals-greek-migrant-pushbacks-toward-turkish-waters<\/a><\/p>\n[29]<\/a> \u201cDeath toll from sinking of Lebanon boat rises to 94,\u201d 24 Eyl\u00fcl 2022, The Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/24\/lebanon-migrant-boat-sinking-syria-death-toll<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yor. MENA b\u00f6lgesi, Afganistan ve Afrika <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":244,"featured_media":35269,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[361],"tags":[17701,18872,18873,18902,18903,18904,18905,18906,18907,18908,18909,18910],"asf_pub_issue":[10317],"asf_pub_region":[10325],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/244"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35416"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35777,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416\/revisions\/35777"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_issue?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_region?post=35416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
(Bu metin \u0130ngilizce orijinal versiyonundan terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir.)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6zet: <\/strong><\/span>Yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yor. MENA b\u00f6lgesi, Afganistan ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin aksine Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler Avrupa\u2019da s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ra\u011fmen Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 Afgan, Afrikal\u0131 ve Suriyeli m\u00fcltecileri \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclteci politikalar\u0131na \u00f6n ayak olabilecek co\u011frafi ve politik fakt\u00f6rleri inceleyen bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u0131rk ve din gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerin belirli m\u00fclteci gruplar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muameleyi daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fey uygun dini ve \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerdi. Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130slamofobik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 unsurlar genel g\u00f6\u00e7men kimli\u011finden daha fazla rol oynuyor. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle sadece belirli g\u00f6\u00e7men gruplar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n se\u00e7imlerdeki y\u00fckseli\u015fini tetikliyor. <\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgalinden sonra d\u00fcnya, bir ba\u015fka m\u00fclteci krizine daha tan\u0131k oldu. BM kaynaklar\u0131 6,6 milyon insan\u0131n \u00fclke i\u00e7inde yerinden edildi\u011fini 6,3 milyon Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n ise \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Polonya, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti ve Almanya gibi Avrupa \u00fclkelerine gitti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Dahas\u0131, 13 milyondan fazla Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n da sava\u015ftan etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerde mahsur kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 artan g\u00fcvenlik riskleri nedeniyle de buralardan ayr\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n Ancak Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin aksine Ukraynal\u0131lar s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. En az\u0131ndan k\u0131sa vadede Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler, Avrupa\u2019da hen\u00fcz bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 dalgay\u0131 tetiklememi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hissiyat\u0131 artt\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ev sahibi \u00fclkelerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n se\u00e7imlerde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n Bu makale ayr\u0131ca Suriye ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn Avrupa siyasetinde tart\u0131\u015fma kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaya devam etti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n ciddi bir m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusunu kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen Avrupa birli\u011fi \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan\u201d gelen m\u00fcltecileri d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutmak i\u00e7in bir \u201cAvrupa kalesi\u201d in\u015fas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalar harcad\u0131. AB g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunu d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye ile bir anla\u015fma da yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n Yine de Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131da bulundu. G\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 partiler ayr\u0131ca anaak\u0131m partileri g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik olumsuz bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f benimseyip MENA ve Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131 daha sert ad\u0131mlar atarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmeye zorlad\u0131.[2]<\/a> Bu durum nihayetinde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin daha yoksul Afrika \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderilmesi ve Akdeniz\u2019de sert muameleye maruz kalmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. Avrupal\u0131 \u00fclkeler binlerce g\u00f6\u00e7menin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olan tekneleri geri g\u00f6nderme politikas\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 hukuku \u00e7i\u011fnemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu makale Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin yak\u0131n \u00e7evrelerinde ya\u015fanan bu krize nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi\u011fine k\u0131saca de\u011finiyor. Daha sonra Suriye krizinin Avrupa demokrasilerinde g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyasi partileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek Avrupa siyasetini nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini ele al\u0131yor. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin benimsedi\u011fi insani demokratik ilkelere taban tabana z\u0131t olan g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eperinde bir insani trajediye neden oldu. Ruslar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 zafer beklentilerine ra\u011fmen Ukrayna savunmas\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli askeri yard\u0131mlar sayesinde ciddi bir direni\u015f g\u00f6stererek Putin\u2019in \u00fclkeyi h\u0131zla ele ge\u00e7irme planlar\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratt\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e sivil halk \u00fczerindeki etkileri daha da ciddile\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131p milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131 sivilin ka\u00e7\u0131p kom\u015fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n BM verileri Rus i\u015fgalinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6steriyor (\u015eekil 1). 29 Eyl\u00fcl 2022 itibariyle 6,3 milyon Ukraynal\u0131 \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7arken 6,6 milyon Ukraynal\u0131 da \u00fclke i\u00e7inde yerinden edildi. Uluslararas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fanlar \u00f6ncelikle Rusya,[3]<\/a> Polonya, Almanya, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, \u0130talya, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u015fimdiye kadar gittikleri \u00fclke ve toplumlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ki bu geli\u015fme, g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrelerinin uzama ihtimali d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde umut vaat ediyor. Hatta Rus i\u015fgali Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelerek Putin\u2019in AB s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 emperyalist\u00e7e ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir t\u00fcr yolda\u015fl\u0131k ruhu yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n \u015eekil 1: Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en Ukraynal\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131. Kaynak: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler M\u00fclteci Y\u00fcksek Temsilcisi, 29 Eyl\u00fcl 2022.<\/em><\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgali ve s\u00fcregelen \u015fiddet tehdidi nedeniyle Ukraynal\u0131lara g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat sunulmal\u0131. Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik benzer bir tutum beklemek de gayet normal. Ancak uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n krize y\u00f6nelik tutumu geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerden gelen insanlara y\u00f6nelik k\u00f6k\u00fc derinlerde bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Avrupal\u0131 gazeteci ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar son derece rahats\u0131z ediciydi ve s\u00fcregelen krizi ele al\u0131rken uygulanan a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7ifte standard\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin CBS News k\u0131demli d\u0131\u015f politika muhabiri Charlie D\u2019Agata, Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizini haberle\u015ftirirken \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurdu: \u201cKusura bakmay\u0131n ama Ukrayna Irak veya Afganistan gibi on y\u0131llard\u0131r \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara tan\u0131k olmu\u015f bir yer de\u011fil. Kelimelerimi dikkatli se\u00e7mek zorunday\u0131m ama buras\u0131, kimsenin b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyin ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beklemeyece\u011fi veya ummayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rece medeni, g\u00f6rece Avrupal\u0131 bir kent.\u201d[5]<\/a> Gazeteci daha sonra \u00f6z\u00fcr diledi ama Ukrayna krizini yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bir g\u00f6zle aktaran tek ki\u015fi o de\u011fildi. BBC\u2019ye verdi\u011fi bir m\u00fclakatta G\u00fcrcistan eski ba\u015fsavc\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 David Sakvarelidze duyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sefer \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin \u201csar\u0131 sa\u00e7l\u0131, mavi g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u201d Avrupal\u0131 insanlar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n Telegraph gazetesinden Daniel Hannan, sava\u015f\u0131n insanlar\u0131n \u201cNetflix izleyip Instagram kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, serbest se\u00e7imlerde oy kullan\u0131p sans\u00fcrs\u00fcz gazeteler okudu\u011fu\u201d bir Avrupa \u00fclkesinde ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131n kendisini \u015foke etti\u011fini ifade etti.[7]<\/a> Frans\u0131z BFM TV kanal\u0131ndan Phillipe Corb\u00e9 ise Suriyelilerle k\u0131yaslamaktan \u00e7ekinmedi ve \u201cBurada Putin\u2019in destekledi\u011fi Suriye rejiminin bombard\u0131man\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an Suriyelilerden bahsetmiyoruz. Canlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in bizimkilere benzeyen arabalarla ka\u00e7an Avrupal\u0131lardan bahsediyoruz.\u201d[8]<\/a> dedi. Benzer yorumlar benzer \u015fekilde Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin Suriyelilerden ne kadar farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulayan ba\u015fka Avrupal\u0131 gazeteciler taraf\u0131ndan da yap\u0131ld\u0131.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik d\u00fcped\u00fcz kabileci yakla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 esmer insanlar (yahut MENA b\u00f6lgesindeki insanlar) i\u00e7in do\u011fal bir durum olarak de\u011ferlendiriyor.[10]<\/a> Bat\u0131l\u0131 medyan\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6ylem d\u00fcnya genelinde gazetecilerin ele\u015ftirilerinin hedefi oldu. ABD merkezli Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association [Arap ve Ortado\u011fulu Gazeteciler Derne\u011fi] \u00e7ifte standartlar\u0131 protesto eden bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yay\u0131nlad\u0131.[11]<\/a> Dahas\u0131, daha \u201cmedeni\u201d m\u00fcltecilerin daha \u00e7ok sempatiyi hak etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131 ana ak\u0131m medya de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n Avrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler de Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Polonya \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Mariusz Kaminski, \u00fclkesinin \u201cbombalardan, Rus t\u00fcfeklerinden ka\u00e7an herkese\u201d olan deste\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[12]<\/a> Maalesef Polonya, Polonya-Belarus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bekleyen Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menleri donarak \u00f6l\u00fcme terk etti\u011finde kendileri de Rus bombard\u0131manlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan Suriyeli m\u00fcltecilere \u00e7ok daha az dostane yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[13]<\/a> Benzer \u015fekilde Afgan m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 sert tutumuyla bilinen Avusturya \u015eans\u00f6lyesi Karl Nehammer[14]<\/a> de Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n gerekti\u011finde m\u00fclteci alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Afganistan\u2019dan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtti.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n G\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015flar\u0131yla bilinen taraflar\u0131n bu g\u00f6\u00e7men yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? Uluslararas\u0131 medya ve Avrupal\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n bu iki m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ifte standartlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in co\u011frafi dinamiklere ba\u015fvurulabilir. Bu durumda bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nedeni Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n jeopolitik konumuyla ilgili olacakt\u0131r. Ukrayna Avrupa\u2019dayken Suriye bunun \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131nda. T\u00fcrkiye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131n Suriyeli m\u00fclteci krizindeki tutumuna benzer \u015fekilde Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, \u00f6zellikle de Do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda bulunanlar Ukrayna ile ortak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle daha dostane politikalar benimsedi. Dahas\u0131, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n tarihsel miras\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019daki vah\u015fi Sovyet idaresi Rus i\u015fgalinden dolay\u0131 ac\u0131 \u00e7eken Ukraynal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik olumlu alg\u0131y\u0131 peki\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n siyasi \u00f6zellikleri de Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirmeye sevk etmi\u015f olabilir. Suriye\u2019nin aksine Ukrayna Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7eperinde geli\u015fmekte olan bir demokrasi olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor. \u00dclke ayr\u0131ca AB ve NATO \u00fcyesi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ukrayna, Rusya ile olan uzun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 nedeniyle NATO\u2019nun uzun vadeli hedefleri i\u00e7in jeopolitik anlamda hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Yolsuzluk sorunu ve se\u00e7im d\u00fczensizliklerine ra\u011fmen Ukrayna dar bir hanedan kli\u011finin hakim oldu\u011fu bir tek parti diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rejimi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmiyor. Suriye\u2019nin aksine Ukrayna uzun vadede Avrupa siyasal projesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecileri a\u011f\u0131rlamak, Avrupa i\u00e7in Rus yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ukrayna demokrasisini savunman\u0131n bir yolu haline geldi.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle co\u011frafi ve siyasi fakt\u00f6rler Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizine y\u00f6nelik tutumuna belli bir me\u015fruiyet sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ancak bu etmenler esmer m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 muameleyi a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz. Ukrayna\u2019dan gelen m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ilk a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki raporlar Ukrayna\u2019daki Nijeryal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilerin Polonya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesinin engellendi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.[16]<\/a> Video kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan siyahi insanlar\u0131n trenlerden at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve siyahi s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin durduruldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.[17]<\/a> Hatta Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131lardan \u00f6nce hayvanlar\u0131n tahliye trenlerine al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren daha endi\u015fe verici haberler de var.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n Bu y\u00fczden Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken k\u00fclt\u00fcrel fakt\u00f6rlerin rol\u00fc az\u0131msanamaz. Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin \u201cbeyaz\u201d olmas\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131 halklarla ortak Hristiyan kimlikleri Avrupa medyas\u0131nda ve Avrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda sempati duygular\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Suriyelilerin, Afganlar\u0131n ve Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey uygun dini ve \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerdi. Bu durum medyan\u0131n Ukrayna \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir s\u00f6ylemle haberle\u015ftirmesine ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muamelede bulunmas\u0131na yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n Anaak\u0131m medya ve Avrupal\u0131 yetkililer b\u00f6yle davranarak \u0131rksal k\u00f6ken, etnik ve dini kimlik, co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve siyasi kurumlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ma\u011fdurlar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma sa\u011flaman\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamakta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. Ancak Avrupa \u00fclkeleri kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Avrupa kalesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik s\u0131cak tutumun aksine Suriye ve kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engelleniyor. Benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Avrupa Birli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye ile bir anla\u015fma yaparak d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in mali yard\u0131m s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi.[19]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca Danimarka ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k (BK) gibi \u00fclkeler potansiyel m\u00fcltecileri cayd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131 Do\u011fu Afrika \u00fclkesi olan Ruanda\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca AB d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn temelindeki nedenleri ele al\u0131p daha fazla Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 olarak gelmesin engellemek amac\u0131yla Emergency Trust Fund for Africa [Afrika i\u00e7in Acil G\u00fcven Fonu] olu\u015fturdu.[21]<\/a> Bu giri\u015fimler m\u00fclteci sorununu d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131rmakla kalmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda AB\u2019nin MENA ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen insanlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc vermedeki isteksizli\u011fini de ortaya koydu. Bu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu ad\u0131mlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f partilerin y\u00fckseli\u015fini durdurmad\u0131.<\/p>\n Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u00fckseli\u015fi 2011\u2019den sonra ya\u015fanan Suriyeli m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bir\u00e7ok siyaset bilimci m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki radikal sa\u011f partilerin se\u00e7im ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisine dikkat \u00e7ekti.[22]<\/a> Flaman Menfaati (Bel\u00e7ika), Danimarka Halk Partisi (Danimarka), Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland [Almanya i\u00e7in Alternatif \u2013 AfD] (Almanya), Ulusal Seferberlik (Fransa), Lega ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri (\u0130talya), Avusturya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Partisi, Alt\u0131n \u015eafak (Yunanistan), Vox (\u0130spanya) ve \u0130sve\u00e7 Demokratlar\u0131 gibi radikal sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler kendi \u00fclkelerinde \u00f6nemli siyasi akt\u00f6rler haline geldi. Bu partiler se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygular \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d olarak etiketleniyor. [23]<\/a><\/p>\n Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131ndan ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ula\u015fan m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan sonra bu partiler 2011-2016 aras\u0131nda se\u00e7men tabanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. \u015eekil 2 konsolide Avrupa demokrasilerindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u00fckseli\u015finin 2016\u2019ya kadar aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. AB ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bu oy art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre duraksad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenebilir.<\/p>\n \u015eekil 2: Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin 2000\u2019den sonra ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 oy y\u00fczdeleri. Siyah kesik \u00e7izgi Suriye krizinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonraki se\u00e7imleri g\u00f6steriyor.<\/em><\/p>\n \u015eu anda Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u00fckseli\u015fini g\u00f6zlemliyoruz. \u0130talya, Fransa, Hollanda ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019teki son parlamento se\u00e7imleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin silinmek bir yana aksine se\u00e7im sahnesindeki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bu partiler art\u0131k ge\u00e7ici akt\u00f6r de\u011fil. Aksine sadece kendi \u00fclkelerinde de\u011fil Avrupa parlamentosunda da etkili akt\u00f6rlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin se\u00e7imlerde geriledi\u011fi \u00fclkelerde (yani Avusturya, Danimarka ve Almanya\u2019da, bkz. \u015eekil 2) bile yine de ciddi bir oy oran\u0131 yakalay\u0131p parlamentolarda \u00f6nemli say\u0131da sandalye kazand\u0131lar. \u0130talya\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. 2022 parlamento se\u00e7imlerinde birinci (\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri) ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc (Lega) s\u0131radaki partiler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hissiyatlar\u0131yla bilinen partilerdir.<\/p>\n Ancak Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u00fckseli\u015fini milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fine ba\u011flamak zor olacakt\u0131r. \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d bir partinin t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7menler aleyhine politikalar\u0131 desteklemesi beklenir ama Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 hedef almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131p bunun yerine \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019dan\u201d gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn tehlikelerini vurguluyor. Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle MENA, Afganistan ve Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere dikkat \u00e7ekip onlar\u0131 \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin yeni \u0130talya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Giorgia Meloni bu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7 hakk\u0131ndaki sert g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fmaktan geri durmuyor.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n Geri g\u00f6ndermeleri h\u0131zland\u0131rma, daha s\u0131k\u0131 iltica kurallar\u0131 getirme ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin deniz yoluyla \u0130talya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 denizden abluka alt\u0131na alma s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi. Sert politikalar\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere at\u0131f yapm\u0131yordu. Meloni g\u00f6steriyor ki Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar belirli bir tipteki m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusuna; Suriyeli, Afgan ve Afrikal\u0131lara g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131yor. Bu y\u00fczden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015funun \u0130slamofobik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerce \u015fekillendi\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n Meloni\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumu genel anlamda Avrupal\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerce de payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.[26]<\/a> Zaten a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f hakk\u0131ndaki mevcut literat\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partilerin anaak\u0131m partileri g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politika duru\u015flar\u0131na kaymaya zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.[27]<\/a> Bunun sonucunda Avrupa \u00fclkeleri tehlikeli Akdeniz sular\u0131 \u00fczerinden Avrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmaya giri\u015fen m\u00fcltecileri engellemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yak\u0131n tarihli raporlar Avrupa sahil koruma g\u00f6revlilerinin Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in denizde g\u00f6\u00e7menlere sert muamelede bulunup teknelerini geri itti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n Avrupa sahil koruma g\u00f6revlileri b\u00f6yle davranarak zaten tehlikeli bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan teknelerdeki sivillerin can\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla tehlikeye at\u0131yor. Suriye \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k 20.000 g\u00f6\u00e7men g\u00fcvenli bir liman aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti (\u015eekil 3). Daha yak\u0131n tarihlerde Suriye\u2019nin Tartus liman\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tekneleri batan 94 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n \u015eekil 3: 2014-2021 aras\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131. *Veriler Eyl\u00fcl 2021\u2019de sona eriyor. Kaynak: Statista (https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1082077\/deaths-of-migrants-in-the-mediterranean-sea\/<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Rus i\u015fgali Avrupa \u00fclkelerine bir ba\u015fka m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 tetikledi. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri genel anlamda gelen Ukraynal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik dostane politikalar benimsedi. Ancak bu m\u00fclteci dalgas\u0131 MENA, Afganistan ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden gelen m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik derin \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 da g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel fakt\u00f6rlerin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, birli\u011fin ise di\u011fer \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6nlemeye devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n Bu arka planda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 partiler Avrupa siyasetinde \u00f6nemli konumlar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye devam ediyor. Bu partiler kalk\u0131nmakta olan \u00fclkelerden gelen m\u00fcltecilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131nda buralardan gelen m\u00fcltecileri \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rarak halk\u0131n deste\u011fini topluyor. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda ya\u015fanan Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fun yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini gerektiriyor. Bu uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131 her m\u00fclteci krizinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine katk\u0131 yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclteci politikalar\u0131n\u0131 destekleme ihtimali olan co\u011frafi ve politik fakt\u00f6rleri inceleyen bu makale \u0131rk ve din gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin belli m\u00fclteci gruplar\u0131na uygulanan ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 muameleyi daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Suriyeli, Afgan ve Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan Afrikal\u0131larda olmayan \u015fey uygun dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerdi.<\/p>\n Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteciler g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli bir ya\u015fam ortam\u0131 f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 hak ediyor. Yine de uluslararas\u0131 medya ve Avrupal\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 m\u00fclteci krizlerine y\u00f6nelik benimsedi\u011fi \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131ma da dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekiyor. Suriye\u2019de devam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve somut \u015fiddet tehdidi nedeniyle di\u011fer s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere de benzer bir tutum sergilenmesini beklemek son derece normal. \u0130ltica imkan\u0131 vermek co\u011frafi, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7menler e\u015fit seviyede empati ve yard\u0131m\u0131 hak ediyor.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unrefugees.org\/emergencies\/ukraine\/<\/a><\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Judith Sunderland, \u201cAsylum Rights Thrown into a Frozen Ditch on Poland-Belarus Border,\u201d 3 Aral\u0131k 2019, Human Rights Watch, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/12\/03\/asylum-rights-thrown-frozen-ditch-poland-belarus-border<\/a><\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Bu m\u00fclteciler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Do\u011fu Ukrayna\u2019da ya\u015fayan etnik Ruslard\u0131r.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi, 2 Mart 2022 \u201cThey are \u2018civilised\u2019 and \u2018look like us\u2019: the racist coverage of Ukraine\u201d Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/mar\/02\/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Sarah al-Arshani, 1 Mart 2022. \u201cWhile trying to address the tragedy unfolding in Ukraine, politicians and journalists show implicit bias by making comparisons to the Middle East\u201d Business Insider, https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/reporters-make-racist-comparisons-between-ukraine-crisis-and-middle-east-2022-3<\/a><\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Al Jazeera, 27 \u015eubat 2022. \u201c\u2018Double standards\u2019: Western coverage of Ukraine war criticized,\u201d https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2022\/2\/27\/western-media-coverage-ukraine-russia-invasion-criticism<\/a><\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Daniel Hannan, 26 \u015eubat 2022, \u201cVladimir Putin\u2019s monstrous invasion is an attack on civilisation itself\u201d https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2022\/02\/26\/vladimir-putins-monstrous-invasion-attack-civilisation\/<\/a><\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Los Angeles Times, 2 Mart 2022, \u201cIn Ukraine reporting, Western press reveals grim bias toward \u2018people like us\u2019\u201d https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/entertainment-arts\/tv\/story\/2022-03-02\/ukraine-russia-war-racism-media-middle-east<\/a><\/p>\n [9]<\/a> ITV muhabiri Polonya\u2019dan bildiriyor: \u201c\u015eimdi akla gelmeyen ba\u015flar\u0131na geldi ve buras\u0131 kalk\u0131nmakta olan bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkesi de\u011fil; buras\u0131 Avrupa!\u201d https:\/\/twitter.com\/jrc1921\/status\/1497878168216252416<\/a><\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi, 2 Mart 2022 \u201cThey are \u2018civilised\u2019 and \u2018look like us\u2019: the racist coverage of Ukraine\u201d Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/mar\/02\/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Ja\u2019han Jones, 1 Mart 2022, \u201cThese bad takes on the Russia-Ukraine conflict reveal a lot about pundits’ biases,\u201d https:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/the-reidout\/reidout-blog\/russia-ukraine-media-coverage-rcna18017<\/a><\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Minister Kami\u0144ski: We will show solidarity and support to all our Ukrainian brothers, 24 \u015eubat 2022, https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/mswia-en\/minister-kaminski-we-will-show-solidarity-and-support-to-all-our-ukrainian-brothers<\/a><\/p>\n [13]<\/a> \u201c14-year-old boy freezes to death on Polish-Belarusian border,\u201d InfoMigrants, 11 Aral\u0131k 2021, https:\/\/www.infomigrants.net\/en\/post\/36422\/14yearold-boy-freezes-to-death-on-polishbelarusian-border<\/a><\/p>\n [14]<\/a> \u201cAustria keeps hard line on deporting Afghans\u201d Euronews 15 A\u011fustos 2021, https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2021\/08\/15\/us-afghanistan-conflict-austria<\/a><\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Moustafa Bayoumi 2 Mart 2022.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> Stephanie Hegarty, 28 \u015eubat 2022, \u201cUkraine conflict: Nigeria condemns treatment of Africans,\u201d BBC https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-60555650<\/a><\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Rashawn Ray, 3 Mart 2022, \u201cThe Russian invasion of Ukraine shows racism has no boundaries\u201d Brookings, https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/how-we-rise\/2022\/03\/03\/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-shows-racism-has-no-boundaries\/<\/a><\/p>\n [18]<\/a> Rashawn Ray, Brookings.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> M\u00fcge Dalk\u0131ran, 22 Haziran 2022, \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Sorumluluk Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki Sorunlar ve Bu Sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fclteci Koruma Sistemi \u00dczerine Yans\u0131mas\u0131\u201d Al Sharq Strategic Research, https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/2022\/06\/22\/uluslararasi-sorumluluk-paylasimindaki-sorunlar-ve-bu-sorunlarin-turkiyede-multeci-koruma-sistemi-uzerine-yansimasi\/<\/a><\/p>\n [20]<\/a> Tazreena Sajjad, 28 Temmuz 2022, \u201cWestern countries are shipping refugees to poorer nations in exchange for cash,\u201d The Conversation, https:\/\/theconversation.com\/western-countries-are-shipping-refugees-to-poorer-nations-in-exchange-for-cash-185758<\/a><\/p>\n [21]<\/a> Gianna-Carina Gr\u00fcn, 12 Nisan 2022, \u201cHow the EU spent billions to halt migration from Africa,\u201d Deutsche Welle, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/how-the-eu-spent-billions-to-halt-migration-from-africa\/a-61362906<\/a><\/p>\n [22]<\/a> See Davis, L. ve Deole, S. S., (2017). \u201cImmigration and the Rise of Far-Right Parties in Europe,\u201d ifo DICE Report 4\/Cilt: 15,<\/em> ss. 10-15; Podobnik, B., Jusup, M., Kovac, D. ve Stanley, H. E., (2017). \u201cPredicting the Rise of EU Right-Wing Populism in Response to Unbalanced Immigration,\u201d Hindawi Complexity, Article ID 1580526,<\/em> ss. 1-12.<\/p>\n [23]<\/a> Mudde, C., (2007). \u201cThe Populist Radical Right in Europe,\u201d<\/em> Cambridge: Cambridge University<\/p>\n Press<\/p>\n [24]<\/a> \u201cFar-right parties form new group in European Parliament,\u201d Deutsche Welle, 14 Haziran 2019, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/far-right-parties-form-new-group-in-european-parliament\/a-49189262<\/a><\/p>\n [25]<\/a> Crispian Balmer, 7 Ekim 2022, \u201cMigrants face tougher times in Meloni’s Italy\u201d Reuters, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/migrants-face-tougher-times-melonis-italy-2022-10-07\/<\/a><\/p>\n [26]<\/a> Jon Stones, 13 May\u0131s 2020, \u201cEU condemns rescue boats picking up drowning refugees in Mediterranean as leaders side with populists,\u201d The Independent, https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/eu-migrant-crisis-rescue-boats-refugees-drowning-charity-mediterranean-a8423261.html<\/a><\/p>\n [27]<\/a> Han, K. J., (2015). \u201cThe Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties on the Positions of Mainstream<\/p>\n Parties Regarding Multiculturalism,\u201d West European Politics, Cilt: 38, Say\u0131: 3,<\/em> ss. 557-576.<\/p>\n [28]<\/a> \u201cNew footage reveals Greek migrant pushbacks toward Turkish waters,\u201d 25 Temmuz 2022, https:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/politics\/eu-affairs\/new-footage-reveals-greek-migrant-pushbacks-toward-turkish-waters<\/a><\/p>\n [29]<\/a> \u201cDeath toll from sinking of Lebanon boat rises to 94,\u201d 24 Eyl\u00fcl 2022, The Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/24\/lebanon-migrant-boat-sinking-syria-death-toll<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div> Yak\u0131n zamanda Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yor. MENA b\u00f6lgesi, Afganistan ve Afrika <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":244,"featured_media":35269,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[361],"tags":[17701,18872,18873,18902,18903,18904,18905,18906,18907,18908,18909,18910],"asf_pub_issue":[10317],"asf_pub_region":[10325],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/244"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35416"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35777,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35416\/revisions\/35777"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_issue?post=35416"},{"taxonomy":"asf_pub_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.sharqforum.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/asf_pub_region?post=35416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Bize benzeyen m\u00fclteciler: Ukraynal\u0131 m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcltecilere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ifte standard\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor<\/span><\/h2>\n
Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
Bizim gibi \u201cBeyaz\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/p>\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Sa\u011f\u0131n Favori G\u00f6\u00e7menleri<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n<\/p>\nSonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
Referanslar<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
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